《学习 Python 3 的艰难之路》

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16 LEARN PYTHON 3 THE HARD WAY

55.7.1 Do This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

55.7.2 You Learned This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

55.7.3 Do More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

55.8 Remove Directory (rmdir) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

55.8.1 Do This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

55.8.2 You Learned This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

55.8.3 Do More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

55.9 Moving Around (pushd, popd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

55.9.1 Do This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

55.9.2 You Learned This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

55.9.3 Do More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

55.10Making Empty Files (Touch, New-Item) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

55.10.1Do This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

55.10.2You Learned This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

55.10.3Do More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

55.11Copy a File (cp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

55.11.1Do This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

55.11.2You Learned This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

55.11.3Do More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

55.12Moving a File (mv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

55.12.1Do This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

55.12.2You Learned This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

55.12.3Do More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

55.13View a File (less, MORE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

55.13.1Do This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

55.13.2You Learned This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

55.13.3Do More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Preface

This simple book is meant to get you started in programming. The title says it’s the hard way to learn to

write code, but it’s actually not. It’s only the ”hard” way because it uses a technique called instruction.

Instruction is where I tell you to do a sequence of controlled exercises designed to build a skill through

repetition. This technique works very well with beginners who know nothing and need to acquire basic

skills before they can understand more complex topics. It’s used in everything from martial arts to music

to even basic math and reading skills.

This book instructs you in Python by slowly building and establishing skills through techniques such as

practice and memorization, then applying them to increasingly difcult problems. By the end of the

book you will have the tools needed to begin learning more complex programming topics. I like to tell

people that my book gives you your ”programming black belt.” What this means is that you know the

basics well enough to now start learning programming.

If you work hard, take your time, and build these skills, you will learn to code.

Improvements in the First Edition for Python 3

This rst edition for Python 3 of Learn Python The Hard Way now uses Python 3.6. I’ve standardized on

this version of Python because it has a new improved string formatting system that is easier to use than

the previous 4 (or 3, I forget, there were many). There are a few problems with Python 3.6 for beginners,

but I’ll be helping you navigate these issues in the book. A particularly hairy problem is Python 3.6 has

very poor error messages in some key areas that I’ll be helping you understand.

I have also improved the videos based on my experiences over the last ve years teaching people Python.

In the past the videos simply let you watch me do the exercise. The fourth edition videos also show you

how to break—and then x—every exercise. This skill is called ”debugging.” It will teach you how to

x problems you run into but also how Python runs the programs you’re creating. The goal of this new

methodology is to build a mental model of how Python runs your code so you can more easily gure

out why it’s broken. You’ll also learn many useful tricks for debugging broken software.

Lastly, the fourth edition fully supports Microsoft Windows 10 from beginning to end. The previous

edition focused mostly on the Unix style systems such as macOS and Linux, with Windows being more

of an afterthought. At the time I started writing the fourth edition Microsoft had started to take open

source tools and developers seriously, and it was difcult to ignore them as a serious Python development

platform. The videos will feature Microsoft windows using Python in various scenarios and will also show

macOS and Linux for full compatibility. I’ll tell you about any gotchas on each platform, cover installation

instructions, and provide any other tips I can give you.

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