智能电网安全通信解决方案的架构与开发

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"本文档主要探讨了智能电网应用中安全通信解决方案的架构与开发，特别提到了电动汽车网络安全的相关问题。作者Axel Sikora是德国奥芬堡应用科学大学的教授，他在文章中概述了智能计量系统(Open Metering System, OMS)集团的规范以及德国联邦信息安全办公室(Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BSI)设计的保护配置文件(Protection Profile, PP)和技术指令(Technical Directive, TR)。这些规范和技术旨在为智能测量系统的通信单元（如智能电表网关）提供安全保障。文章首先介绍了智能电网通信技术的潜力，它们可能是首批大规模机器对机器(M2M)应用之一。近年来，针对无线部分的智能电网通信有两个非常有前景的发展：一是OpenMeteringSystem(OMS)集团的规范，这是一套开放的智能计量系统标准；二是BSI制定的保护配置文件和技术指令，这两个文档于2013年3月发布，旨在确保智能测量系统通信的安全性。 OMS集团的规范致力于推动智能计量技术的标准化，以实现不同制造商设备之间的互操作性和数据交换的安全。另一方面，BSI的保护配置文件和技术指令提供了最先进的安全技术，规定了智能电表网关的实现细节，包括加密算法、身份验证机制和数据完整性保护等措施，以防止未授权访问、篡改或干扰电力网络的数据传输。文章可能会深入讨论以下几个关键知识点： 1. 智能电网的基础架构：智能电网的组成部分，如智能电表、能源生产与分配网络，以及这些组件如何通过通信技术相互连接。 2. M2M通信：机器对机器通信的基本原理，以及在智能电网中的应用，如自动抄表和实时能源管理。 3. 无线通信技术：在智能电网中使用的无线通信技术，如Wi-Fi、Zigbee、LoRaWAN等，以及它们的安全挑战。 4. 安全框架：BSI的保护配置文件和技术指令如何定义一个安全的通信单元，包括加密、认证、访问控制和日志记录等要求。 5. 电动汽车网络安全：由于电动汽车越来越多地融入智能电网，文章可能会涉及电动汽车充电基础设施的网络安全问题，以及如何确保车辆到电网(V2G)通信的安全。 6. 实施与合规：实施OMS和BSI规定的安全措施的实际步骤，以及如何确保设备制造商和运营商遵守这些标准。 7. 风险评估与缓解策略：智能电网面临的安全威胁，如恶意软件攻击、分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击，以及相应的风险管理和缓解措施。 8. 法规与政策：智能电网通信安全相关的法规和政策环境，以及这些规定如何影响行业实践和技术创新。通过这篇论文，读者将深入了解智能电网安全通信的复杂性，并获得构建和维护安全通信解决方案的宝贵见解，这对于电动汽车网络安全以及整个智能电网领域的专业人士来说都是非常有价值的参考资料。"

Architecture and Development of Secure Communication

Solutions for Smart Grid Applications

Axel Sikora

University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, D77652 Offenburg, Germany

Email: axel.sikora@hs-offenburg.de

Abstract—The communication technologies for automatic me-

ter reading (smart metering) and for energy production and

distribution networks (smart grid) have the potential to be one

of the first really highly scaled machine-to-machine-(M2M)-

applications. During the last years two very promising devel-

opments around the wireless part of smart grid communication

were initialized, which possibly have an impact on the markets

far beyond Europe and far beyond energy automation. 

Besides the specifications of the Open Metering System (OMS)

Group, the German Federal Office for Information Security

(Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BSI) has

designed a protection profile (PP) and a technical directive (TR)

for the communication unit of an intelligent measurement sys-

tem (smart meter gateway), which were released in March 2013.

This design uses state-of-the-art technologies and prescribes

their implementation in real-life systems.

At first sight the expenditures for the prescribed solutions seem

to be significant. But in the long run, this path is inevitable and

comes with strategic advantages.

Index Terms—BSI protection profile, secure smart meter gate-

way, PKI

I. INTRODUCTION

Communication technologies are a major stepping

stone for the upcoming application fields like smart me-

tering and smart grid. They allow the timely observability

and controllability of distributed elements in the genera-

tion, the distribution and the consumer networks. Due to

the strong dependency, the robustness of a smart grid

communication network against attack is of the utmost

importance for the deployment of the smart grid [1] The

security of these communication solutions is a central

precondition for their successful application, as

 The functional safety of a system can be achieved

only, if the security is guaranteed. This holds true

both for the functional aspects of energy generation

and consumption control as for the financial aspects

of the smart energy market.

 Customers and companies alike will ask for privacy.

However, security is a significant challenge for smart

meter networks, as

Manuscript received June 10, 2013; revised August 17, 2013.

This work was supported in part by a grant from German Federal

Ministry of Economy and Technology (BMWi) ZIM KF2471305ED2.

Corresponding author email: axel.sikora@hs-offenburg.de.

 A significant part of the communication paths will be

wireless, so that there is no possibility for a physical

protection of these paths.

 The local metrological networks (LMN) between the

sensors (meters) and the data collectors (gateways)

provide only limited capacity with regard to band-

width and frame size.

 Many of the network elements are based on relatively

small and low-cost embedded systems with only lim-

ited computing and memory resources.

 The systems envisage an extended time of operation.

Even though individual elements, like meters, will be

replaced after five to ten years, the overall communi-

cation architecture should be operated at least 15 to 20

years.

This contribution gives a short overview on the state of

the art with regard to security approaches for smart grid

communications (Section II), then presents the proposals

of the smart meter gateway protection profile (Section

III), and discusses some important implementation issues

(Section IV). It shows a cost benefit analysis in Section V,

before making some conclusion and outlook.

II. STATE OF THE ART

Worldwide, a lot of activities are ongoing to investi-

gate on the solutions for secure smart grid operations.

This includes

 A plethora of theoretical analyses and proposals, as

they are summarized in excellent survey papers like [1]

[2]or in the online bibliography [3],

 Generic standardization efforts like from the US-

based NIST [4] or the Europe-based CEN-

CENELEC-ETSI Smart Grid Coordination Group [5],

 Development of protocols and solutions for specific

parts of the smart grid communication network, like

IEC62351 [6]to be used over IEC61850, ZigBee

Smart Energy Profile [7] or the specification from

Wireless M-Bus EN13757 and Open Metering Sys-

tem (OMS) Group [8], [9].

In this charivari of activities, the German Federal Of-

fice for Information Security (Bundesamt für Sicherheit

in der Informationstechnik, BSI) was mandated by its

governing ministry to design a protection profile (PP) and

a technical directive (TR) for the communication unit of

an intelligent measurement system (smart meter gateway

PP) [10] and for the security module of a smart metering

490

Journal

of Communications Vol. 8, No. 8, August 2013

doi:10.12720/jcm.8.8.490-496

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电动汽车控制与安全

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