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首页MySQL 5.7官方手册:新特性与NDB Cluster 7.5/7.6文档
MySQL 5.7官方参考手册是一份详尽的文档,涵盖了MySQL数据库管理系统的重要特性与功能。这份手册不仅适用于MySQL 5.7的标准版本,从5.7.0到5.7.26,还包括基于NDB(New Dimensional Database)的NDB Cluster版本,具体包括7.5系列,直到5.7.25-ndb-7.5.13。手册不仅记录了已发布的功能,还可能包含尚未公开的特性信息,用户可以根据MySQL 5.7的发行说明来了解最新版本情况。
手册的重点在于详细描述那些并非所有MySQL 5.7版本都具备的功能,这些特性可能根据用户许可证的不同而有所差异。如果你对所使用的MySQL 5.7版本的特性和许可条款有疑问,建议查阅相关的许可证协议或联系Oracle销售代表获取更多信息。
在阅读过程中,如果想了解每个版本的具体更新和改进,可以参考MySQL 5.7的官方发布说明,这些说明会列出各个版本的主要变化。此外,手册的前言部分提供了关于法律信息和许可证详情,对于理解和使用MySQL的用户来说,这是不可或缺的部分。
手册的最后部分提供了一个有用的资源链接,鼓励用户访问MySQL论坛或邮件列表进行交流,以便与其他MySQL用户一起讨论遇到的问题,这有助于提升用户的使用体验和技术支持。
值得注意的是,本手册的最后更新日期为2019年2月23日,修订版本为61045,这意味着它反映了当时的最新技术和最佳实践。对于后续的技术发展和功能更新,用户可能需要查找更晚的版本或者官方发布的最新文档以确保获取最新的信息。
MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual
xvi
14.12 InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management .............................................................. 2542
14.12.1 InnoDB Disk I/O ............................................................................................... 2542
14.12.2 File Space Management ................................................................................... 2543
14.12.3 InnoDB Checkpoints ......................................................................................... 2544
14.12.4 Defragmenting a Table ..................................................................................... 2545
14.12.5 Reclaiming Disk Space with TRUNCATE TABLE ............................................... 2545
14.13 InnoDB and Online DDL .............................................................................................. 2546
14.13.1 Online DDL Operations ..................................................................................... 2546
14.13.2 Online DDL Performance and Concurrency ........................................................ 2559
14.13.3 Online DDL Space Requirements ...................................................................... 2563
14.13.4 Simplifying DDL Statements with Online DDL .................................................... 2563
14.13.5 Online DDL Failure Conditions .......................................................................... 2564
14.13.6 Online DDL Limitations ..................................................................................... 2564
14.14 InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables ............................................................. 2566
14.15 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables .................................................................... 2658
14.15.1 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables about Compression ........................... 2658
14.15.2 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Transaction and Locking Information ............. 2660
14.15.3 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA System Tables ............................................. 2666
14.15.4 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA FULLTEXT Index Tables .............................. 2672
14.15.5 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Buffer Pool Tables ........................................ 2676
14.15.6 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table ............................................... 2680
14.15.7 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Temporary Table Info Table .......................... 2689
14.15.8 Retrieving InnoDB Tablespace Metadata from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.FILES .. 2691
14.16 InnoDB Integration with MySQL Performance Schema .................................................. 2692
14.16.1 Monitoring ALTER TABLE Progress for InnoDB Tables Using Performance
Schema ........................................................................................................................ 2694
14.16.2 Monitoring InnoDB Mutex Waits Using Performance Schema .............................. 2696
14.17 InnoDB Monitors ......................................................................................................... 2700
14.17.1 InnoDB Monitor Types ...................................................................................... 2700
14.17.2 Enabling InnoDB Monitors ................................................................................ 2701
14.17.3 InnoDB Standard Monitor and Lock Monitor Output ............................................ 2702
14.18 InnoDB Backup and Recovery ..................................................................................... 2707
14.18.1 InnoDB Backup ................................................................................................ 2708
14.18.2 InnoDB Recovery ............................................................................................. 2709
14.19 InnoDB and MySQL Replication ................................................................................... 2711
14.20 InnoDB memcached Plugin .......................................................................................... 2713
14.20.1 Benefits of the InnoDB memcached Plugin ........................................................ 2714
14.20.2 InnoDB memcached Architecture ...................................................................... 2715
14.20.3 Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin ........................................................ 2719
14.20.4 Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................ 2725
14.20.5 Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Plugin ...................................... 2727
14.20.6 The InnoDB memcached Plugin and Replication ................................................ 2740
14.20.7 InnoDB memcached Plugin Internals ................................................................. 2744
14.20.8 Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................................ 2748
14.21 InnoDB Troubleshooting .............................................................................................. 2750
14.21.1 Troubleshooting InnoDB I/O Problems ............................................................... 2751
14.21.2 Forcing InnoDB Recovery ................................................................................. 2751
14.21.3 Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations .......................................... 2753
14.21.4 InnoDB Error Handling ...................................................................................... 2757
15 Alternative Storage Engines ..................................................................................................... 2759
15.1 Setting the Storage Engine ............................................................................................ 2763
15.2 The MyISAM Storage Engine ........................................................................................ 2764
15.2.1 MyISAM Startup Options .................................................................................... 2766
15.2.2 Space Needed for Keys ..................................................................................... 2768
MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual
xvii
15.2.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats ......................................................................... 2768
15.2.4 MyISAM Table Problems .................................................................................... 2771
15.3 The MEMORY Storage Engine ...................................................................................... 2773
15.4 The CSV Storage Engine .............................................................................................. 2777
15.4.1 Repairing and Checking CSV Tables .................................................................. 2778
15.4.2 CSV Limitations ................................................................................................. 2779
15.5 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine ...................................................................................... 2779
15.6 The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine ................................................................................. 2781
15.7 The MERGE Storage Engine ......................................................................................... 2783
15.7.1 MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages .................................................... 2786
15.7.2 MERGE Table Problems ..................................................................................... 2787
15.8 The FEDERATED Storage Engine ................................................................................. 2789
15.8.1 FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview .............................................................. 2789
15.8.2 How to Create FEDERATED Tables ................................................................... 2790
15.8.3 FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips ..................................................... 2793
15.8.4 FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources ............................................................ 2794
15.9 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine ..................................................................................... 2794
15.10 Other Storage Engines ................................................................................................ 2795
15.11 Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture ......................................................... 2795
15.11.1 Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture .............................................................. 2795
15.11.2 The Common Database Server Layer ................................................................ 2796
16 Replication ............................................................................................................................... 2799
16.1 Configuring Replication .................................................................................................. 2800
16.1.1 Binary Log File Position Based Replication Configuration Overview ....................... 2801
16.1.2 Setting Up Binary Log File Position Based Replication ......................................... 2801
16.1.3 Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers ..................................................... 2811
16.1.4 MySQL Multi-Source Replication ......................................................................... 2830
16.1.5 Changing Replication Modes on Online Servers ................................................... 2834
16.1.6 Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables ......................................... 2840
16.1.7 Common Replication Administration Tasks .......................................................... 2930
16.2 Replication Implementation ............................................................................................ 2934
16.2.1 Replication Formats ............................................................................................ 2934
16.2.2 Replication Implementation Details ...................................................................... 2942
16.2.3 Replication Channels .......................................................................................... 2944
16.2.4 Replication Relay and Status Logs ...................................................................... 2947
16.2.5 How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules ................................................ 2953
16.3 Replication Solutions ..................................................................................................... 2959
16.3.1 Using Replication for Backups ............................................................................ 2959
16.3.2 Handling an Unexpected Halt of a Replication Slave ............................................ 2963
16.3.3 Using Replication with Different Master and Slave Storage Engines ...................... 2965
16.3.4 Using Replication for Scale-Out .......................................................................... 2966
16.3.5 Replicating Different Databases to Different Slaves .............................................. 2967
16.3.6 Improving Replication Performance ..................................................................... 2968
16.3.7 Switching Masters During Failover ...................................................................... 2969
16.3.8 Setting Up Replication to Use Encrypted Connections .......................................... 2971
16.3.9 Semisynchronous Replication ............................................................................. 2974
16.3.10 Delayed Replication .......................................................................................... 2980
16.4 Replication Notes and Tips ............................................................................................ 2980
16.4.1 Replication Features and Issues ......................................................................... 2980
16.4.2 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions ............................................. 3006
16.4.3 Upgrading a Replication Setup ............................................................................ 3007
16.4.4 Troubleshooting Replication ................................................................................ 3008
16.4.5 How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems ...................................................... 3009
17 Group Replication .................................................................................................................... 3011
MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual
xviii
17.1 Group Replication Background ...................................................................................... 3012
17.1.1 Replication Technologies .................................................................................... 3013
17.1.2 Group Replication Use Cases ............................................................................. 3015
17.1.3 Group Replication Details ................................................................................... 3015
17.2 Getting Started .............................................................................................................. 3017
17.2.1 Deploying Group Replication in Single-Primary Mode ........................................... 3017
17.3 Monitoring Group Replication ......................................................................................... 3027
17.3.1 Group Replication Server States ......................................................................... 3028
17.3.2 The replication_group_members Table ................................................................ 3029
17.3.3 Replication_group_member_stats ........................................................................ 3029
17.4 Group Replication Operations ........................................................................................ 3030
17.4.1 Deploying in Multi-Primary or Single-Primary Mode .............................................. 3030
17.4.2 Tuning Recovery ................................................................................................ 3032
17.4.3 Network Partitioning ........................................................................................... 3034
17.4.4 Using MySQL Enterprise Backup with Group Replication ...................................... 3039
17.5 Group Replication Security ............................................................................................ 3041
17.5.1 IP Address Whitelisting ....................................................................................... 3041
17.5.2 Secure Socket Layer Support (SSL) .................................................................... 3042
17.5.3 Virtual Private Networks (VPN) ........................................................................... 3046
17.6 Group Replication System Variables .............................................................................. 3046
17.7 Requirements and Limitations ........................................................................................ 3063
17.7.1 Group Replication Requirements ......................................................................... 3063
17.7.2 Group Replication Limitations .............................................................................. 3065
17.8 Frequently Asked Questions .......................................................................................... 3066
17.9 Group Replication Technical Details ............................................................................... 3069
17.9.1 Group Replication Plugin Architecture ................................................................. 3070
17.9.2 The Group ......................................................................................................... 3071
17.9.3 Data Manipulation Statements ............................................................................ 3071
17.9.4 Data Definition Statements ................................................................................. 3072
17.9.5 Distributed Recovery .......................................................................................... 3072
17.9.6 Observability ...................................................................................................... 3078
17.9.7 Group Replication Performance .......................................................................... 3079
18 MySQL Shell ........................................................................................................................... 3083
19 Using MySQL as a Document Store ......................................................................................... 3085
19.1 Preproduction Status — Legal Notice ............................................................................. 3086
19.2 Key Concepts ............................................................................................................... 3086
19.3 Setting Up MySQL as a Document Store ....................................................................... 3087
19.3.1 Installing MySQL Shell ....................................................................................... 3090
19.3.2 Starting MySQL Shell ......................................................................................... 3094
19.4 Quick-Start Guide: MySQL Shell for JavaScript .............................................................. 3094
19.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3095
19.4.2 Import Database Sample .................................................................................... 3096
19.4.3 MySQL Shell ...................................................................................................... 3097
19.4.4 Documents and Collections ................................................................................ 3098
19.4.5 Relational Tables ............................................................................................... 3109
19.4.6 Documents in Tables .......................................................................................... 3115
19.5 Quick-Start Guide: MySQL Shell for Python ................................................................... 3116
19.5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3116
19.5.2 Import Database Sample .................................................................................... 3117
19.5.3 MySQL Shell ...................................................................................................... 3118
19.5.4 Documents and Collections ................................................................................ 3119
19.5.5 Relational Tables ............................................................................................... 3130
19.5.6 Documents in Tables .......................................................................................... 3136
19.6 Quick-Start Guide: MySQL for Visual Studio ................................................................... 3137
MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual
xix
19.7 X Plugin ....................................................................................................................... 3139
19.7.1 Using Secure Connections with X Plugin ............................................................. 3139
19.7.2 X Plugin Options and Variables .......................................................................... 3139
19.7.3 Monitoring X Plugin ............................................................................................ 3148
20 InnoDB Cluster ........................................................................................................................ 3153
20.1 Introducing InnoDB Cluster ............................................................................................ 3153
20.2 Creating an InnoDB Cluster ........................................................................................... 3155
20.2.1 Deployment Scenarios ........................................................................................ 3155
20.2.2 InnoDB Cluster Requirements ............................................................................. 3156
20.2.3 Methods of Installing .......................................................................................... 3156
20.2.4 Sandbox Deployment of InnoDB Cluster .............................................................. 3157
20.2.5 Production Deployment of InnoDB Cluster ........................................................... 3160
20.2.6 Adopting a Group Replication Deployment ........................................................... 3168
20.3 Using MySQL Router with InnoDB Cluster ..................................................................... 3169
20.4 Working with InnoDB Cluster ......................................................................................... 3173
20.5 Known Limitations ......................................................................................................... 3183
21 MySQL NDB Cluster 7.5 and NDB Cluster 7.6 .......................................................................... 3185
21.1 NDB Cluster Overview .................................................................................................. 3189
21.1.1 NDB Cluster Core Concepts ............................................................................... 3191
21.1.2 NDB Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Replicas, and Partitions ................................. 3193
21.1.3 NDB Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements .......................... 3196
21.1.4 What is New in NDB Cluster ............................................................................... 3198
21.1.5 NDB: Added, Deprecated, and Removed Options, Variables, and Parameters ........ 3212
21.1.6 MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with NDB Cluster ................................... 3216
21.1.7 Known Limitations of NDB Cluster ...................................................................... 3219
21.2 NDB Cluster Installation ................................................................................................ 3230
21.2.1 The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer (NDB 7.5) ........................................................... 3232
21.2.2 The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer (NDB 7.6) ........................................................... 3244
21.2.3 Installation of NDB Cluster on Linux .................................................................... 3267
21.2.4 Installing NDB Cluster on Windows ..................................................................... 3277
21.2.5 Initial Configuration of NDB Cluster ..................................................................... 3286
21.2.6 Initial Startup of NDB Cluster .............................................................................. 3288
21.2.7 NDB Cluster Example with Tables and Data ........................................................ 3289
21.2.8 Safe Shutdown and Restart of NDB Cluster ......................................................... 3292
21.2.9 Upgrading and Downgrading NDB Cluster ........................................................... 3294
21.3 Configuration of NDB Cluster ......................................................................................... 3296
21.3.1 Quick Test Setup of NDB Cluster ........................................................................ 3296
21.3.2 Overview of NDB Cluster Configuration Parameters, Options, and Variables .......... 3299
21.3.3 NDB Cluster Configuration Files .......................................................................... 3316
21.3.4 Using High-Speed Interconnects with NDB Cluster ............................................... 3505
21.4 NDB Cluster Programs .................................................................................................. 3506
21.4.1 ndbd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon .................................................... 3506
21.4.2 ndbinfo_select_all — Select From ndbinfo Tables ....................................... 3515
21.4.3 ndbmtd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded) ....................... 3516
21.4.4 ndb_mgmd — The NDB Cluster Management Server Daemon .............................. 3517
21.4.5 ndb_mgm — The NDB Cluster Management Client ............................................... 3526
21.4.6 ndb_blob_tool — Check and Repair BLOB and TEXT columns of NDB Cluster
Tables .......................................................................................................................... 3528
21.4.7 ndb_config — Extract NDB Cluster Configuration Information ............................ 3531
21.4.8 ndb_cpcd — Automate Testing for NDB Development ........................................ 3540
21.4.9 ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table ................................... 3540
21.4.10 ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables .................................................................. 3541
21.4.11 ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table ........................................ 3547
21.4.12 ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table ......................................................... 3548
MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual
xx
21.4.13 ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility ...................................... 3549
21.4.14 ndb_import — Import CSV Data Into NDB ...................................................... 3550
21.4.15 ndb_index_stat — NDB Index Statistics Utility .............................................. 3565
21.4.16 ndb_move_data — NDB Data Copy Utility ....................................................... 3571
21.4.17 ndb_perror — Obtain NDB Error Message Information .................................... 3574
21.4.18 ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents ......................... 3576
21.4.19 ndb_print_file — Print NDB Disk Data File Contents ................................... 3577
21.4.20 ndb_print_frag_file — Print NDB Fragment List File Contents .................... 3577
21.4.21 ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents ........................ 3578
21.4.22 ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents ............................... 3578
21.4.23 ndb_redo_log_reader — Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log .......... 3579
21.4.24 ndb_restore — Restore an NDB Cluster Backup ............................................ 3582
21.4.25 ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table ........................................ 3604
21.4.26 ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables ................................ 3607
21.4.27 ndb_setup.py — Start browser-based Auto-Installer for NDB Cluster ................ 3608
21.4.28 ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables ............................................ 3612
21.4.29 ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator ........................... 3613
21.4.30 ndb_top — View CPU usage information for NDB threads ................................ 3616
21.4.31 ndb_waiter — Wait for NDB Cluster to Reach a Given Status .......................... 3622
21.4.32 Options Common to NDB Cluster Programs — Options Common to NDB Cluster
Programs ...................................................................................................................... 3625
21.5 Management of NDB Cluster ......................................................................................... 3631
21.5.1 Summary of NDB Cluster Start Phases ............................................................... 3631
21.5.2 Commands in the NDB Cluster Management Client ............................................. 3633
21.5.3 Online Backup of NDB Cluster ............................................................................ 3638
21.5.4 MySQL Server Usage for NDB Cluster ................................................................ 3643
21.5.5 Performing a Rolling Restart of an NDB Cluster ................................................... 3644
21.5.6 Event Reports Generated in NDB Cluster ............................................................ 3646
21.5.7 NDB Cluster Log Messages ................................................................................ 3657
21.5.8 NDB Cluster Single User Mode ........................................................................... 3674
21.5.9 Quick Reference: NDB Cluster SQL Statements .................................................. 3675
21.5.10 ndbinfo: The NDB Cluster Information Database ................................................ 3678
21.5.11 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables for NDB Cluster ............................................. 3729
21.5.12 NDB Cluster Security Issues ............................................................................. 3730
21.5.13 NDB Cluster Disk Data Tables .......................................................................... 3737
21.5.14 Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster ....................................... 3745
21.5.15 Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online ............................................................ 3748
21.5.16 Distributed MySQL Privileges for NDB Cluster ................................................... 3760
21.5.17 NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables ........................................................ 3763
21.6 NDB Cluster Replication ................................................................................................ 3774
21.6.1 NDB Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols ........................................... 3775
21.6.2 General Requirements for NDB Cluster Replication .............................................. 3776
21.6.3 Known Issues in NDB Cluster Replication ............................................................ 3777
21.6.4 NDB Cluster Replication Schema and Tables ...................................................... 3784
21.6.5 Preparing the NDB Cluster for Replication ........................................................... 3788
21.6.6 Starting NDB Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel) .............................. 3790
21.6.7 Using Two Replication Channels for NDB Cluster Replication ............................... 3791
21.6.8 Implementing Failover with NDB Cluster Replication ............................................ 3792
21.6.9 NDB Cluster Backups With NDB Cluster Replication ............................................ 3794
21.6.10 NDB Cluster Replication: Multi-Master and Circular Replication ........................... 3800
21.6.11 NDB Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution ...................................................... 3804
21.7 NDB Cluster Release Notes .......................................................................................... 3819
22 Partitioning .............................................................................................................................. 3821
22.1 Overview of Partitioning in MySQL ................................................................................. 3823
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