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MySQL 5.6官方英文参考手册
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"MySQL5.6英文版用户手册是MySQL官方提供的详细参考文档,涵盖了从5.6.27版本到MySQL Cluster基于NDB 7.3-7.4的相应版本。手册包括了MySQL 5.6的主要特性,并指出不是所有特性在每个发行版中都包含,具体取决于你的许可证。对于版本更新的详细信息,可以查阅MySQL 5.6的发行说明。此外,手册还涉及法律信息。该文档适用于一般管理员、开发者、功能介绍、连接器与API、高可用性和可扩展性教程、安装与升级等内容,同时提到了MySQL企业版、MySQL Workbench、MySQL Yum仓库以及MySQL企业监控器等工具。"
MySQL5.6是MySQL数据库系统的一个重要版本,它引入了许多增强的功能和优化,旨在提高性能、可靠性和易用性。以下是一些关键知识点:
1. **性能提升**:MySQL 5.6对查询优化器进行了改进,包括更智能的索引选择和并行查询执行。此外,InnoDB存储引擎的性能也得到了增强,如支持自适应哈希索引、更快的插入缓冲区和更大的并行事务处理能力。
2. **半同步复制**:此版本引入了半同步复制,确保至少有一个从服务器接收到主服务器的事务提交,从而提高了数据一致性。
3. **分区改进**:MySQL 5.6允许在更多类型的表上进行分区,包括临时表和视图,增强了大规模数据管理的能力。
4. **在线DDL(数据定义语言)**:在MySQL 5.6中,许多DDL操作可以在不锁定表的情况下完成,这大大减少了维护窗口和对业务的影响。
5. **性能监视器**:提供了一个新的性能监视器,用于收集和分析服务器的性能数据,帮助管理员识别瓶颈和优化策略。
6. **InnoDB全文索引**:MySQL 5.6开始支持InnoDB存储引擎的全文搜索,提供了更丰富的文本检索功能。
7. **MySQL Cluster**:对于使用MySQL Cluster的用户,手册涵盖了基于NDB 7.3和7.4的版本,这些版本提供了更高的可用性和可扩展性,同时增加了对数据节点动态添加和删除的支持。
8. **开发者的功能**:MySQL 5.6对开发者友好,提供了更好的错误消息、更灵活的触发器以及JSON数据类型的支持。
9. **连接器和API**:手册中详细介绍了各种编程语言的连接器和API,如MySQL Connector/J、Connector/NET、Connector/ODBC等,帮助开发者集成MySQL到他们的应用中。
10. **安装和升级指南**:提供了详细的安装和升级步骤,帮助管理员顺利部署和升级MySQL 5.6实例。
由于手册是英文版,读者需要具备一定的英语阅读能力来理解和应用其中的知识。对于那些寻求中文资料的用户,可能需要寻找翻译或中文版的手册以获取帮助。尽管如此,MySQL 5.6英文版用户手册仍然是一个非常宝贵的参考资料,包含了MySQL 5.6所有核心特性和功能的详细信息。
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
xvi
14.5 InnoDB Table Management ........................................................................................... 1919
14.5.1 Creating InnoDB Tables ..................................................................................... 1919
14.5.2 Moving or Copying InnoDB Tables to Another Machine ........................................ 1921
14.5.3 Grouping DML Operations with Transactions ....................................................... 1923
14.5.4 Converting Tables from MyISAM to InnoDB ......................................................... 1924
14.5.5 AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB ............................................................ 1928
14.5.6 InnoDB and FOREIGN KEY Constraints ............................................................. 1934
14.5.7 Limits on InnoDB Tables .................................................................................... 1935
14.6 InnoDB Table Compression .......................................................................................... 1939
14.6.1 Overview of Table Compression ......................................................................... 1939
14.6.2 Enabling Compression for a Table ...................................................................... 1940
14.6.3 Tuning Compression for InnoDB Tables .............................................................. 1941
14.6.4 Monitoring Compression at Runtime .................................................................... 1944
14.6.5 How Compression Works for InnoDB Tables ....................................................... 1945
14.6.6 Compression for OLTP Workloads ...................................................................... 1948
14.6.7 SQL Compression Syntax Warnings and Errors ................................................... 1949
14.7 InnoDB File-Format Management .................................................................................. 1951
14.7.1 Enabling File Formats ........................................................................................ 1952
14.7.2 Verifying File Format Compatibility ...................................................................... 1952
14.7.3 Identifying the File Format in Use ....................................................................... 1955
14.7.4 Modifying the File Format ................................................................................... 1956
14.8 InnoDB Row Storage and Row Formats ........................................................................ 1956
14.8.1 Overview of InnoDB Row Storage ....................................................................... 1957
14.8.2 Specifying the Row Format for a Table ............................................................... 1957
14.8.3 DYNAMIC and COMPRESSED Row Formats ...................................................... 1957
14.8.4 COMPACT and REDUNDANT Row Formats ....................................................... 1958
14.9 InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management ................................................................ 1958
14.9.1 InnoDB Disk I/O ................................................................................................ 1958
14.9.2 File Space Management .................................................................................... 1959
14.9.3 InnoDB Checkpoints .......................................................................................... 1960
14.9.4 Defragmenting a Table ....................................................................................... 1960
14.9.5 Reclaiming Disk Space with TRUNCATE TABLE ................................................. 1961
14.10 InnoDB and Online DDL ............................................................................................. 1961
14.10.1 Overview of Online DDL ................................................................................... 1962
14.10.2 Performance and Concurrency Considerations for Online DDL ............................ 1968
14.10.3 SQL Syntax for Online DDL .............................................................................. 1971
14.10.4 Combining or Separating DDL Statements ......................................................... 1971
14.10.5 Examples of Online DDL .................................................................................. 1972
14.10.6 Implementation Details of Online DDL ............................................................... 1994
14.10.7 How Crash Recovery Works with Online DDL .................................................... 1996
14.10.8 Online DDL for Partitioned InnoDB Tables ......................................................... 1996
14.10.9 Limitations of Online DDL ................................................................................. 1997
14.11 InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables ............................................................. 1998
14.12 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables ................................................................... 2078
14.12.1 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables about Compression ........................... 2078
14.12.2 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Transaction and Locking Tables .................... 2080
14.12.3 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA System Tables ............................................. 2086
14.12.4 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA FULLTEXT Index Tables .............................. 2092
14.12.5 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Buffer Pool Tables ....................................... 2095
14.12.6 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table ............................................... 2099
14.13 InnoDB Integration with MySQL Performance Schema .................................................. 2108
14.13.1 Monitoring InnoDB Mutex Waits Using Performance Schema .............................. 2109
14.14 InnoDB Monitors ......................................................................................................... 2113
14.14.1 InnoDB Monitor Types ...................................................................................... 2113
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
xvii
14.14.2 Enabling InnoDB Monitors ................................................................................ 2114
14.14.3 InnoDB Standard Monitor and Lock Monitor Output ............................................ 2116
14.14.4 InnoDB Tablespace Monitor Output ................................................................... 2122
14.14.5 InnoDB Table Monitor Output ........................................................................... 2124
14.15 InnoDB Backup and Recovery ..................................................................................... 2127
14.15.1 The InnoDB Recovery Process ......................................................................... 2129
14.16 InnoDB and MySQL Replication .................................................................................. 2130
14.17 InnoDB Integration with memcached ............................................................................ 2132
14.17.1 Benefits of the InnoDB / memcached Combination ............................................. 2132
14.17.2 Architecture of InnoDB and memcached Integration ........................................... 2133
14.17.3 Getting Started with InnoDB Memcached Plugin ................................................ 2137
14.17.4 Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................ 2140
14.17.5 Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Interface ................................... 2142
14.17.6 Using the InnoDB memcached Plugin with Replication ....................................... 2153
14.17.7 Internals of the InnoDB memcached Plugin ....................................................... 2157
14.17.8 Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................................ 2162
14.18 InnoDB Troubleshooting .............................................................................................. 2164
14.18.1 Troubleshooting InnoDB I/O Problems ............................................................... 2165
14.18.2 Forcing InnoDB Recovery ................................................................................. 2165
14.18.3 Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations .......................................... 2167
14.18.4 InnoDB Error Handling ..................................................................................... 2170
14.18.5 InnoDB Error Codes ......................................................................................... 2170
14.18.6 Operating System Error Codes ......................................................................... 2172
15 Alternative Storage Engines ..................................................................................................... 2175
15.1 Setting the Storage Engine ........................................................................................... 2179
15.2 The MyISAM Storage Engine ........................................................................................ 2180
15.2.1 MyISAM Startup Options .................................................................................... 2182
15.2.2 Space Needed for Keys ..................................................................................... 2184
15.2.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats ......................................................................... 2184
15.2.4 MyISAM Table Problems .................................................................................... 2186
15.3 The MEMORY Storage Engine ...................................................................................... 2188
15.4 The CSV Storage Engine .............................................................................................. 2192
15.4.1 Repairing and Checking CSV Tables .................................................................. 2193
15.4.2 CSV Limitations ................................................................................................. 2194
15.5 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine ...................................................................................... 2194
15.6 The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine ................................................................................. 2195
15.7 The MERGE Storage Engine ........................................................................................ 2198
15.7.1 MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages ................................................... 2200
15.7.2 MERGE Table Problems .................................................................................... 2201
15.8 The FEDERATED Storage Engine ................................................................................. 2203
15.8.1 FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview .............................................................. 2203
15.8.2 How to Create FEDERATED Tables ................................................................... 2204
15.8.3 FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips ..................................................... 2207
15.8.4 FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources ............................................................ 2208
15.9 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine ..................................................................................... 2209
15.10 Other Storage Engines ................................................................................................ 2209
15.11 Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture ......................................................... 2209
15.11.1 Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture .............................................................. 2210
15.11.2 The Common Database Server Layer ............................................................... 2210
16 High Availability and Scalability ................................................................................................ 2213
16.1 Oracle VM Template for MySQL Enterprise Edition ......................................................... 2216
16.2 Overview of MySQL with DRBD/Pacemaker/Corosync/Oracle Linux ................................. 2216
16.3 Overview of MySQL with Windows Failover Clustering .................................................... 2219
16.4 Using MySQL within an Amazon EC2 Instance .............................................................. 2221
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
xviii
16.4.1 Setting Up MySQL on an EC2 AMI ..................................................................... 2222
16.4.2 EC2 Instance Limitations .................................................................................... 2223
16.4.3 Deploying a MySQL Database Using EC2 ........................................................... 2223
16.5 Using ZFS Replication .................................................................................................. 2226
16.5.1 Using ZFS for File System Replication ................................................................ 2228
16.5.2 Configuring MySQL for ZFS Replication .............................................................. 2229
16.5.3 Handling MySQL Recovery with ZFS .................................................................. 2229
16.6 Using MySQL with memcached ..................................................................................... 2230
16.6.1 Installing memcached ......................................................................................... 2231
16.6.2 Using memcached ............................................................................................. 2232
16.6.3 Developing a memcached Application ................................................................. 2252
16.6.4 Getting memcached Statistics ............................................................................. 2278
16.6.5 memcached FAQ ............................................................................................... 2287
17 Replication .............................................................................................................................. 2291
17.1 Replication Configuration .............................................................................................. 2292
17.1.1 How to Set Up Replication ................................................................................. 2293
17.1.2 Replication Formats ........................................................................................... 2303
17.1.3 Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers ..................................................... 2310
17.1.4 Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables ......................................... 2318
17.1.5 Common Replication Administration Tasks .......................................................... 2407
17.2 Replication Implementation ........................................................................................... 2409
17.2.1 Replication Implementation Details ...................................................................... 2410
17.2.2 Replication Relay and Status Logs ..................................................................... 2412
17.2.3 How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules ................................................ 2418
17.3 Replication Solutions .................................................................................................... 2425
17.3.1 Using Replication for Backups ............................................................................ 2426
17.3.2 Using Replication with Different Master and Slave Storage Engines ....................... 2429
17.3.3 Using Replication for Scale-Out .......................................................................... 2431
17.3.4 Replicating Different Databases to Different Slaves .............................................. 2432
17.3.5 Improving Replication Performance ..................................................................... 2433
17.3.6 Switching Masters During Failover ...................................................................... 2434
17.3.7 Setting Up Replication Using SSL ....................................................................... 2436
17.3.8 Semisynchronous Replication ............................................................................. 2438
17.3.9 Delayed Replication ........................................................................................... 2443
17.4 Replication Notes and Tips ........................................................................................... 2444
17.4.1 Replication Features and Issues ......................................................................... 2444
17.4.2 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions ............................................. 2470
17.4.3 Upgrading a Replication Setup ........................................................................... 2471
17.4.4 Troubleshooting Replication ................................................................................ 2473
17.4.5 How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems ...................................................... 2474
18 MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3 and MySQL Cluster NDB 7.4 .............................................................. 2477
18.1 MySQL Cluster Overview .............................................................................................. 2481
18.1.1 MySQL Cluster Core Concepts ........................................................................... 2482
18.1.2 MySQL Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Replicas, and Partitions ............................. 2485
18.1.3 MySQL Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements ...................... 2488
18.1.4 MySQL Cluster Development History .................................................................. 2490
18.1.5 MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with MySQL Cluster ............................... 2493
18.1.6 Known Limitations of MySQL Cluster .................................................................. 2497
18.2 MySQL Cluster Installation ............................................................................................ 2506
18.2.1 The MySQL Cluster Auto-Installer ....................................................................... 2508
18.2.2 Installation of MySQL Cluster on Linux ................................................................ 2524
18.2.3 Installing MySQL Cluster on Windows ................................................................. 2530
18.2.4 Initial Configuration of MySQL Cluster ................................................................. 2540
18.2.5 Initial Startup of MySQL Cluster .......................................................................... 2542
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
xix
18.2.6 MySQL Cluster Example with Tables and Data .................................................... 2543
18.2.7 Safe Shutdown and Restart of MySQL Cluster .................................................... 2546
18.2.8 Upgrading and Downgrading MySQL Cluster ....................................................... 2547
18.3 Configuration of MySQL Cluster .................................................................................... 2550
18.3.1 Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster ................................................................... 2550
18.3.2 MySQL Cluster Configuration Files ..................................................................... 2552
18.3.3 Overview of MySQL Cluster Configuration Parameters ......................................... 2639
18.3.4 MySQL Server Options and Variables for MySQL Cluster ..................................... 2665
18.3.5 Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster ........................................... 2738
18.4 MySQL Cluster Programs ............................................................................................. 2740
18.4.1 ndbd — The MySQL Cluster Data Node Daemon ................................................ 2740
18.4.2 ndbinfo_select_all — Select From ndbinfo Tables ....................................... 2747
18.4.3 ndbmtd — The MySQL Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded) ................... 2748
18.4.4 ndb_mgmd — The MySQL Cluster Management Server Daemon .......................... 2749
18.4.5 ndb_mgm — The MySQL Cluster Management Client ........................................... 2758
18.4.6 ndb_blob_tool — Check and Repair BLOB and TEXT columns of MySQL
Cluster Tables .............................................................................................................. 2759
18.4.7 ndb_config — Extract MySQL Cluster Configuration Information ........................ 2761
18.4.8 ndb_cpcd — Automate Testing for NDB Development ........................................ 2770
18.4.9 ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table ................................... 2770
18.4.10 ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables ................................................................. 2770
18.4.11 ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table ........................................ 2775
18.4.12 ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table ........................................................ 2776
18.4.13 ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility ...................................... 2776
18.4.14 ndb_index_stat — NDB Index Statistics Utility .............................................. 2778
18.4.15 ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents ......................... 2784
18.4.16 ndb_print_file — Print NDB Disk Data File Contents ................................... 2784
18.4.17 ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents ........................ 2785
18.4.18 ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents ............................... 2785
18.4.19 ndbd_redo_log_reader — Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log ........ 2786
18.4.20 ndb_restore — Restore a MySQL Cluster Backup .......................................... 2787
18.4.21 ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table ........................................ 2801
18.4.22 ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables ................................ 2804
18.4.23 ndb_setup.py — Start browser-based Auto-Installer for MySQL Cluster ............ 2805
18.4.24 ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables ............................................ 2808
18.4.25 ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator ........................... 2809
18.4.26 ndb_waiter — Wait for MySQL Cluster to Reach a Given Status ...................... 2812
18.4.27 Options Common to MySQL Cluster Programs — Options Common to MySQL
Cluster Programs ......................................................................................................... 2815
18.5 Management of MySQL Cluster ..................................................................................... 2818
18.5.1 Summary of MySQL Cluster Start Phases ........................................................... 2819
18.5.2 Commands in the MySQL Cluster Management Client ......................................... 2820
18.5.3 Online Backup of MySQL Cluster ....................................................................... 2824
18.5.4 MySQL Server Usage for MySQL Cluster ............................................................ 2829
18.5.5 Performing a Rolling Restart of a MySQL Cluster ................................................. 2830
18.5.6 Event Reports Generated in MySQL Cluster ........................................................ 2833
18.5.7 MySQL Cluster Log Messages ........................................................................... 2844
18.5.8 MySQL Cluster Single User Mode ...................................................................... 2856
18.5.9 Quick Reference: MySQL Cluster SQL Statements .............................................. 2857
18.5.10 The ndbinfo MySQL Cluster Information Database ............................................. 2859
18.5.11 MySQL Cluster Security Issues ......................................................................... 2891
18.5.12 MySQL Cluster Disk Data Tables ...................................................................... 2899
18.5.13 Adding MySQL Cluster Data Nodes Online ........................................................ 2906
18.5.14 Distributed MySQL Privileges for MySQL Cluster ............................................... 2917
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
xx
18.5.15 NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables ....................................................... 2920
18.6 MySQL Cluster Replication ........................................................................................... 2932
18.6.1 MySQL Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols ....................................... 2933
18.6.2 General Requirements for MySQL Cluster Replication .......................................... 2934
18.6.3 Known Issues in MySQL Cluster Replication ....................................................... 2935
18.6.4 MySQL Cluster Replication Schema and Tables .................................................. 2941
18.6.5 Preparing the MySQL Cluster for Replication ....................................................... 2944
18.6.6 Starting MySQL Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel) .......................... 2946
18.6.7 Using Two Replication Channels for MySQL Cluster Replication ........................... 2948
18.6.8 Implementing Failover with MySQL Cluster Replication ........................................ 2949
18.6.9 MySQL Cluster Backups With MySQL Cluster Replication .................................... 2950
18.6.10 MySQL Cluster Replication: Multi-Master and Circular Replication ....................... 2956
18.6.11 MySQL Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution .................................................. 2962
18.7 MySQL Cluster Release Notes ...................................................................................... 2976
19 Partitioning .............................................................................................................................. 2977
19.1 Overview of Partitioning in MySQL ................................................................................ 2979
19.2 Partitioning Types ......................................................................................................... 2982
19.2.1 RANGE Partitioning ........................................................................................... 2984
19.2.2 LIST Partitioning ................................................................................................ 2988
19.2.3 COLUMNS Partitioning ....................................................................................... 2990
19.2.4 HASH Partitioning .............................................................................................. 2999
19.2.5 KEY Partitioning ................................................................................................ 3002
19.2.6 Subpartitioning ................................................................................................... 3004
19.2.7 How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL .............................................................. 3007
19.3 Partition Management ................................................................................................... 3012
19.3.1 Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions ....................................................... 3013
19.3.2 Management of HASH and KEY Partitions .......................................................... 3019
19.3.3 Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables ............................................ 3020
19.3.4 Maintenance of Partitions ................................................................................... 3025
19.3.5 Obtaining Information About Partitions ................................................................ 3027
19.4 Partition Pruning ........................................................................................................... 3029
19.5 Partition Selection ......................................................................................................... 3032
19.6 Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning .................................................................... 3038
19.6.1 Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys ............................................... 3045
19.6.2 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines ............................................. 3049
19.6.3 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions ....................................................... 3050
19.6.4 Partitioning and Locking ..................................................................................... 3050
20 Stored Programs and Views .................................................................................................... 3053
20.1 Defining Stored Programs ............................................................................................. 3054
20.2 Using Stored Routines (Procedures and Functions) ........................................................ 3055
20.2.1 Stored Routine Syntax ....................................................................................... 3056
20.2.2 Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges ............................................................... 3056
20.2.3 Stored Routine Metadata .................................................................................... 3057
20.2.4 Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID() ......................... 3057
20.3 Using Triggers .............................................................................................................. 3057
20.3.1 Trigger Syntax and Examples ............................................................................. 3058
20.3.2 Trigger Metadata ............................................................................................... 3062
20.4 Using the Event Scheduler ............................................................................................ 3062
20.4.1 Event Scheduler Overview ................................................................................. 3062
20.4.2 Event Scheduler Configuration ............................................................................ 3063
20.4.3 Event Syntax ..................................................................................................... 3065
20.4.4 Event Metadata ................................................................................................. 3066
20.4.5 Event Scheduler Status ...................................................................................... 3066
20.4.6 The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges ........................................................ 3067
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