C# 6.0与.NET 4.6框架第七版：合作编著的里程碑

Apress

.NET

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"Apress C# 6.0 and the .NET 4.6 Framework 7th Edition" 是由Andrew Troelsen与Philip Japikse合著的一本书，它是在Microsoft发布.NET 4.6框架的背景下创作的。这本书的初版于2001年发布，当时正值.NET 1.0 Beta 2的发布时期，那时C#语言和.NET平台API还在快速发展中。作者在编写第一版时面临诸多挑战，因为开发环境变化频繁。自那时以来，这本书历经六次迭代，反映了C#语言的不断演进和.NET平台新增的API，如Language Integrated Query (LINQ)，Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)，Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)，以及新的编程模型、多线程技术和开发工具。这些更新涵盖了从面向桌面GUI编程的Windows Forms，到Web-form编程模型的ASP.NET，再到C#作为面向对象编程语言的特性增强。然而，到了第七版，由于作者个人生活的变化（如成为父亲和研究生课程的繁重），单靠Andrew一个人完成全面的更新工作已经显得力不从心。因此，Apress提出了一种合作方式，邀请Philip Japikse加入项目，共同负责部分内容的更新。他们决定采取这一策略，以确保新版书籍能在合理的时间内出版。在本书的最新版本中，读者可以期待到C# 6.0的深入探讨，包括其新特性，如异步/await语法、lambda表达式、可空引用类型、元组等。同时，书中会覆盖.NET 4.6框架的各个方面，如改进的性能、更强大的网络通信能力，以及对现代化开发实践的支持。这本书不仅是一份技术指南，也是C#和.NET技术发展历史的见证，适合开发者和学习者了解和掌握最新的.NET技术栈。版权信息指出，所有内容受到版权保护，除非是为了学术评论或特定用途（例如计算机系统上的输入和执行）的短篇摘录。未经出版商许可，任何形式的复制或分发都必须遵循版权法的规定。整体来看，这本七版书籍是两位作者多年经验和专业知识的结晶，旨在帮助读者紧跟C#和.NET技术的步伐。

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xvii

■ Contents

Processing Multiple Exceptions ................................................................................... 265

General catch Statements ..................................................................................................................268

Rethrowing Exceptions .......................................................................................................................268

Inner Exceptions ................................................................................................................................. 269

The ﬁnally Block .................................................................................................................................270

Exception Filters ................................................................................................................................. 271

Debugging Unhandled Exceptions Using Visual Studio ................................................ 272

Summary ...................................................................................................................... 273

■Chapter 8: Working with Interfaces �� 275

Understanding Interface Types ..................................................................................... 275

Interface Types vs. Abstract Base Classes.......................................................................................... 276

Deﬁning Custom Interfaces .......................................................................................... 278

Implementing an Interface ........................................................................................... 281

Invoking Interface Members at the Object Level .......................................................... 283

Obtaining Interface References: The as Keyword ............................................................................... 284

Obtaining Interface References: The is Keyword ................................................................................ 284

Interfaces As Parameters ............................................................................................. 285

Interfaces As Return Values ......................................................................................... 287

Arrays of Interface Types .............................................................................................. 288

Implementing Interfaces Using Visual Studio ............................................................... 289

Explicit Interface Implementation ................................................................................ 291

Designing Interface Hierarchies ................................................................................... 293

Multiple Inheritance with Interface Types ........................................................................................... 295

The IEnumerable and IEnumerator Interfaces .............................................................. 297

Building Iterator Methods with the yield Keyword ..............................................................................300

Building a Named Iterator ...................................................................................................................301

The ICloneable Interface............................................................................................... 302

A More Elaborate Cloning Example.....................................................................................................304

xviii

■ Contents

The IComparable Interface ........................................................................................... 307

Specifying Multiple Sort Orders with IComparer ................................................................................310

Custom Properties and Custom Sort Types.........................................................................................311

Summary ...................................................................................................................... 312

■Part IV: Advanced C# Programming �� 313

■Chapter 9: Collections and Generics �� 315

The Motivation for Collection Classes .......................................................................... 315

The System.Collections Namespace .................................................................................................. 317

A Survey of System.Collections.Specialized Namespace ................................................................... 318

The Problems of Nongeneric Collections ..................................................................... 319

The Issue of Performance ................................................................................................................... 320

The Issue of Type Safety ..................................................................................................................... 323

A First Look at Generic Collections ..................................................................................................... 326

The Role of Generic Type Parameters .......................................................................... 327

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Classes/Structures .............................................................328

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Members ............................................................................. 330

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Interfaces ............................................................................ 330

The System.Collections.Generic Namespace ............................................................... 331

Understanding Collection Initialization Syntax ................................................................................... 333

Working with the List<T> Class .........................................................................................................334

Working with the Stack<T> Class ...................................................................................................... 336

Working with the Queue<T> Class .....................................................................................................337

Working with the SortedSet<T> Class ...............................................................................................338

Working with the Dictionary<TKey, TValue> Class ............................................................................. 340

The System.Collections.ObjectModel Namespace ....................................................... 341

Working with ObservableCollection<T> ............................................................................................. 341

Creating Custom Generic Methods ............................................................................... 343

Inference of Type Parameters ............................................................................................................. 346

xix

■ Contents

Creating Custom Generic Structures and Classes ........................................................ 347

The default Keyword in Generic Code.................................................................................................349

Constraining Type Parameters ...................................................................................... 350

Examples Using the where Keyword ..................................................................................................351

The Lack of Operator Constraints .......................................................................................................352

Summary ...................................................................................................................... 353

■Chapter 10: Delegates, Events, and Lambda Expressions �� 355

Understanding the .NET Delegate Type ........................................................................ 355

Deﬁning a Delegate Type in C# ........................................................................................................... 356

The System.MulticastDelegate and System.Delegate Base Classes .................................................. 359

The Simplest Possible Delegate Example .................................................................... 360

Investigating a Delegate Object .......................................................................................................... 362

Sending Object State Notiﬁcations Using Delegates .................................................... 363

Enabling Multicasting ......................................................................................................................... 366

Removing Targets from a Delegate’s Invocation List ..........................................................................368

Method Group Conversion Syntax ...................................................................................................... 369

Understanding Generic Delegates ................................................................................ 371

The Generic Action<> and Func<> Delegates ................................................................................... 372

Understanding C# Events ............................................................................................. 374

The C# event Keyword ........................................................................................................................376

Events Under the Hood ....................................................................................................................... 377

Listening to Incoming Events..............................................................................................................378

Simplifying Event Registration Using Visual Studio ............................................................................ 380

Cleaning Up Event Invocation Using the C# 6.0 Null-Conditional Operator ....................................... 381

Creating Custom Event Arguments ..................................................................................................... 382

The Generic EventHandler<T> Delegate ............................................................................................ 384

Understanding C# Anonymous Methods ...................................................................... 385

Accessing Local Variables ..................................................................................................................387

■ Contents

Understanding Lambda Expressions ............................................................................ 388

Dissecting a Lambda Expression ........................................................................................................391

Processing Arguments Within Multiple Statements ............................................................................ 392

Lambda Expressions with Multiple (or Zero) Parameters ...................................................................393

Retroﬁtting the CarEvents Example Using Lambda Expressions ........................................................ 395

Lambdas and Single Statement Member Implementations ............................................................... 395

Summary ...................................................................................................................... 397

■Chapter 11: Advanced C# Language Features �� 399

Understanding Indexer Methods .................................................................................. 399

Indexing Data Using String Values ......................................................................................................401

Overloading Indexer Methods .............................................................................................................402

Indexers with Multiple Dimensions ....................................................................................................403

Indexer Deﬁnitions on Interface Types ................................................................................................ 404

Understanding Operator Overloading ........................................................................... 404

Overloading Binary Operators ............................................................................................................. 405

And What of the += and –+ Operators? ............................................................................................. 408

Overloading Unary Operators.............................................................................................................. 408

Overloading Equality Operators .......................................................................................................... 409

Overloading Comparison Operators ....................................................................................................410

Final Thoughts Regarding Operator Overloading ................................................................................ 411

Understanding Custom Type Conversions .................................................................... 411

Recall: Numerical Conversions ........................................................................................................... 412

Recall: Conversions Among Related Class Types ................................................................................ 412

Creating Custom Conversion Routines ...............................................................................................413

Additional Explicit Conversions for the Square Type........................................................................... 416

Deﬁning Implicit Conversion Routines ................................................................................................ 417

Understanding Extension Methods ............................................................................... 418

Deﬁning Extension Methods ............................................................................................................... 419

Invoking Extension Methods ............................................................................................................... 420

Importing Extension Methods ............................................................................................................. 421

xxi

■ Contents

The IntelliSense of Extension Methods ............................................................................................... 422

Extending Types Implementing Speciﬁc Interfaces ............................................................................ 422

Understanding Anonymous Types ................................................................................ 424

Deﬁning an Anonymous Type .............................................................................................................. 424

The Internal Representation of Anonymous Types .............................................................................. 425

The Implementation of ToString( ) and GetHashCode( ) ....................................................................... 427

The Semantics of Equality for Anonymous Types ............................................................................... 427

Anonymous Types Containing Anonymous Types ............................................................................... 429

Working with Pointer Types .......................................................................................... 429

The unsafe Keyword ........................................................................................................................... 431

Working with the * and & Operators ................................................................................................... 433

An Unsafe (and Safe) Swap Function .................................................................................................434

Field Access via Pointers (the -> Operator) ........................................................................................ 435

The stackalloc Keyword ......................................................................................................................435

Pinning a Type via the ﬁxed Keyword ................................................................................................. 436

The sizeof Keyword ............................................................................................................................437

Summary ...................................................................................................................... 437

■Chapter 12: LINQ to Objects �� 439

LINQ-Speciﬁc Programming Constructs ....................................................................... 439

Implicit Typing of Local Variables ....................................................................................................... 440

Object and Collection Initialization Syntax.......................................................................................... 440

Lambda Expressions ...........................................................................................................................441

Extension Methods ............................................................................................................................. 442

Anonymous Types ............................................................................................................................... 443

Understanding the Role of LINQ ................................................................................... 443

LINQ Expressions Are Strongly Typed ................................................................................................. 444

The Core LINQ Assemblies .................................................................................................................. 444

Applying LINQ Queries to Primitive Arrays ................................................................... 445

Once Again, Without LINQ ................................................................................................................... 447

Reﬂecting over a LINQ Result Set .......................................................................................................447

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