I
NTRODUCTION
Direct3D 11 is a rendering library for writing high performance 3D graphics applications using modern
graphics hardware on the Windows platform. (A modified version of DirectX 9 is used on the XBOX 360.)
Direct3D is a low-level library in the sense that its application programming interface (API) closely models
the underlying graphics hardware it controls. The predominant consumer of Direct3D is the games industry,
where higher level rendering engines are built on top of Direct3D. However, other industries need high
performance interactive 3D graphics as well, such as medical and scientific visualization and architectural
walkthrough. In addition, with every new PC being equipped with a modern graphics card, non-3 D
applications are beginning to take advantage of the GPU (graphics processing unit) to offload work to the
graphics card for intensive calculations; this is known as
general purpose GPU computing,
and Direct3D
11 provides the compute shader API for writing general purpose GPU programs. Although Direct3D is usually
programmed from native C++, stable .NET wrappers exist for Direct3D (e.g., http://slimdx.org/
) so that you
can access this powerful 3D graphics API from managed applications. Finally, at their 2011 BUILD
conference (http://www.buildwindows.com/
), Microsoft recently showed that Direct3D 11 will play the key
role in writing high performance 3D "Metro" applications in Windows 8. All-in-all, the future looks bright for
Direct3D developers.
This book presents an introduction to programming interactive computer graphics, with an emphasis on
game development, using Direct3D 11. It teaches the fundamentals of Direct3D and shader programming,
after which the reader will be prepared to go on and learn more advanced techniques. The book is divided
into three main parts. Part I explains the mathematical tools that will be used throughout this book. Part II
shows how to implement fundamental tasks in Direct3D, such as initialization, defining 3D geometry, setting
up cameras, creating vertex, pixel, geometry, and compute shaders, lighting, texturing, blending, stenciling,
and tessellation. Part III is largely about applying Direct3D to implement a variety of interesting techniques
and special effects, such as working with meshes, terrain rendering, picking, particle systems, environment
mapping, normal mapping, displacement mapping, real-time shadows, and ambient occlusion.
For the beginner, this book is best read front to back. The chapters have been organized so that the
difficulty increases progressively with each chapter. In this way, there are no sudden jumps in complexity
leaving the reader lost. In general, for a particular chapter, we will use the techniques and concepts
previously developed. Therefore, it is important that you have mastered the material of a chapter before
continuing. Experienced readers can pick the chapters of interest.
Finally, you may be wondering what kinds of games you can develop after reading this book. The answer
to that question is best obtained by skimming through this book and seeing the types of applications that
are developed. From that you should be able to visualize the types of games that can be developed based
on the techniques taught in this book and some of your own ingenuity.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
This book was designed with the following three audiences in mind:
1. Intermediate level C++ programmers who would like an introduction to 3D programming using the
latest iteration of Direct3D.
2. 3D programmers experienced with an API other than DirectX (e.g., OpenGL) who would like an
introduction to Direct3D 11.
3. Experienced Direct3D 9 and Direct3D 11 programmers wishing to learn the latest iteration of Direct3D.
PREREQUISITES
It should be emphasized that this is an introduction to Direct3D 11, shader programming, and 3D game
programming; it is
not
an introduction to general computer programming. The reader should satisfy the
following prerequisites:
1. High School mathematics: algebra, trigonometry, and (mathematical) functions, for example.
2. Competent with Visual Studio: should know how to create projects, add files, and specify external
libraries to link, for example.
3. Intermediate C++ and data structure skills: comfortable with pointers, arrays, operator overloading,
linked lists, inheritance, and polymorphism, for example.
4. Familiarity with Windows programming with the Win32 API is helpful, but not required; we provide a
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