DirectX 11编程基础：3D游戏开发入门

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"《Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 11》是关于使用DirectX 11进行三维游戏编程的入门教程。该书详细介绍了如何利用DirectX 11这一图形库来创建高性能的3D游戏。D3DX是DirectX的一个组件，包含了用于3D图形开发的多种实用工具、函数库和接口。" 在本书中，作者将引导读者深入了解DirectX 11的基础知识和高级特性，包括但不限于以下内容： 1. **DirectX 11基础**：首先，书中会介绍DirectX 11的基本架构和组成，包括设备创建、上下文管理和交换链等概念，这些都是构建3D图形应用的基础。 2. **顶点和索引缓冲区**：3D模型由一系列顶点构成，顶点缓冲区是存储这些顶点数据的地方。书中会讲解如何组织和管理顶点数据，以及如何使用索引缓冲区优化渲染过程。 3. **着色器模型**：DirectX 11支持多种着色器，如顶点着色器、像素着色器、几何着色器和计算着色器。这些着色器负责在GPU上处理图形渲染的不同阶段，如变换、光照、纹理映射等。 4. **纹理和贴图**：纹理是给3D模型增添细节的重要手段。书中会介绍如何加载、管理纹理，并通过纹理坐标将它们应用到模型表面。 5. **深度缓冲与视口转换**：深度缓冲用于处理物体的前后关系，而视口转换则将3D坐标转换为2D屏幕坐标，这两者在渲染时都不可或缺。 6. **D3DX库**：D3DX提供了一系列方便的辅助函数，如数学函数、纹理处理和网格加载。虽然在DirectX 11.1之后，D3DX不再被官方推荐，但在本教程中，它仍然是学习DirectX编程的重要工具。 7. **渲染状态和效果**：渲染状态控制了渲染过程中的各种行为，如混合模式、深度测试等。理解并合理设置这些状态可以实现各种复杂的视觉效果。 8. **多边形剔除和裁剪**：为了提高性能，需要在渲染前剔除不可见或部分可见的多边形，这涉及到背面剔除和视锥体裁剪等技术。 9. **动画和骨骼蒙皮**：对于动态的3D角色，书中会涉及骨骼动画系统，包括骨骼结构、权重分配和蒙皮技术。 10. **优化技巧**：最后，书中可能还会讨论如何优化DirectX 11应用，包括内存管理、批处理和硬件加速等策略。购买和使用这本书的用户需遵守许可协议，不能未经授权在网络上传或复制其中的内容。若需复制或网络分发，必须事先获得出版商或相关版权持有者的同意。Mercury Learning and Information LLC（MLI）作为出版商，对伴随的软件、网站或代码不提供任何明示或暗示的保修，责任限制在许可协议的条款范围内。

NTRODUCTION

Direct3D 11 is a rendering library for writing high performance 3D graphics applications using modern

graphics hardware on the Windows platform. (A modified version of DirectX 9 is used on the XBOX 360.)

Direct3D is a low-level library in the sense that its application programming interface (API) closely models

the underlying graphics hardware it controls. The predominant consumer of Direct3D is the games industry,

where higher level rendering engines are built on top of Direct3D. However, other industries need high

performance interactive 3D graphics as well, such as medical and scientific visualization and architectural

walkthrough. In addition, with every new PC being equipped with a modern graphics card, non-3 D

applications are beginning to take advantage of the GPU (graphics processing unit) to offload work to the

graphics card for intensive calculations; this is known as

general purpose GPU computing,

and Direct3D

11 provides the compute shader API for writing general purpose GPU programs. Although Direct3D is usually

programmed from native C++, stable .NET wrappers exist for Direct3D (e.g., http://slimdx.org/

) so that you

can access this powerful 3D graphics API from managed applications. Finally, at their 2011 BUILD

conference (http://www.buildwindows.com/

), Microsoft recently showed that Direct3D 11 will play the key

role in writing high performance 3D "Metro" applications in Windows 8. All-in-all, the future looks bright for

Direct3D developers.

This book presents an introduction to programming interactive computer graphics, with an emphasis on

game development, using Direct3D 11. It teaches the fundamentals of Direct3D and shader programming,

after which the reader will be prepared to go on and learn more advanced techniques. The book is divided

into three main parts. Part I explains the mathematical tools that will be used throughout this book. Part II

shows how to implement fundamental tasks in Direct3D, such as initialization, defining 3D geometry, setting

up cameras, creating vertex, pixel, geometry, and compute shaders, lighting, texturing, blending, stenciling,

and tessellation. Part III is largely about applying Direct3D to implement a variety of interesting techniques

and special effects, such as working with meshes, terrain rendering, picking, particle systems, environment

mapping, normal mapping, displacement mapping, real-time shadows, and ambient occlusion.

For the beginner, this book is best read front to back. The chapters have been organized so that the

difficulty increases progressively with each chapter. In this way, there are no sudden jumps in complexity

leaving the reader lost. In general, for a particular chapter, we will use the techniques and concepts

previously developed. Therefore, it is important that you have mastered the material of a chapter before

continuing. Experienced readers can pick the chapters of interest.

Finally, you may be wondering what kinds of games you can develop after reading this book. The answer

to that question is best obtained by skimming through this book and seeing the types of applications that

are developed. From that you should be able to visualize the types of games that can be developed based

on the techniques taught in this book and some of your own ingenuity.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This book was designed with the following three audiences in mind:

1. Intermediate level C++ programmers who would like an introduction to 3D programming using the

latest iteration of Direct3D.

2. 3D programmers experienced with an API other than DirectX (e.g., OpenGL) who would like an

introduction to Direct3D 11.

3. Experienced Direct3D 9 and Direct3D 11 programmers wishing to learn the latest iteration of Direct3D.

PREREQUISITES

It should be emphasized that this is an introduction to Direct3D 11, shader programming, and 3D game

programming; it is

not

an introduction to general computer programming. The reader should satisfy the

following prerequisites:

1. High School mathematics: algebra, trigonometry, and (mathematical) functions, for example.

2. Competent with Visual Studio: should know how to create projects, add files, and specify external

libraries to link, for example.

3. Intermediate C++ and data structure skills: comfortable with pointers, arrays, operator overloading,

linked lists, inheritance, and polymorphism, for example.

4. Familiarity with Windows programming with the Win32 API is helpful, but not required; we provide a

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REQUIRED DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND HARDWARE

To program Direct3D 11 applications, you will need the DirectX 11 SDK; the latest version can be

downloaded from http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/directx/ default.aspx. Once downloaded, follow the

instructions given by the installation wizard. At the time of this writing, the latest SDK version is the June

2010 DirectX SDK. All of our sample programs were written using Visual Studio 2010.

Direct3D 11 requires Direct3D 11 capable hardware. The demos in this book were tested on a Geforce

GTX 460.

USE OF THE D3DX LIBRARY

Since version 7.0, DirectX has shipped with the D3DX (Direct3D Extension) library. This library provides a

set of functions, classes, and interfaces that simplify common 3D graphics related operations, such as math

operations, texture and image operations, mesh operations, and shader operations (e.g., compiling and

assembling). That is to say, D3DX contains many features that would be a chore to implement on your own.

We use the D3DX library throughout this book because it allows us to focus on more interesting material.

For instance, we would rather not spend pages explaining how to load various image formats (e.g., .bmp,

.jpeg) into a Direct3D texture interface when we can do it in a single call to the D3DX function

D3DxiicreateTextureFromFiie. In other words, D3DX makes us more productive and lets us focus more on

actual content rather than spending time reinventing the wheel.

Other reasons to use D3DX:

1. D3DX is general and can be used with a wide range of different types of 3D applications.

2. D3DX is fast, at least as fast as general functionality can be.

3. Other developers use D3DX. Therefore, you will most likely encounter code that uses D3DX.

Consequently, whether you choose to use D3DX or not, you should become familiar with it so that you

can read code that uses it.

4. D3DX already exists and has been thoroughly tested. Furthermore, it becomes more improved and

feature rich with each iteration of DirectX.

USING THE DIRECTX SDK DOCUMENTATION AND SDK SAMPLES

Direct3D is a huge API and we cannot hope to cover all of its details in this one book. Therefore, to

obtain extended information it is imperative that you learn how to use the DirectX SDK documentation. You

can launch the C++ DirectX online documentation by executing the

windows_graphics.chm

file in the

DirectX SDK\Documentation\DirectX9

directory, where

DirectX SDK

is the directory you installed

DirectX to. In particular, you will want to navigate to the Direct3D 11 section (see Figure 1

The DirectX documentation covers just about every part of the DirectX API; therefore it is very useful as a

reference, but because the documentation doesn't go into much depth, or assumes some previous

knowledge, it isn't the best learning tool. However, it does get better and better with every new DirectX

version released.

shown. It is highly recommended that the reader study the corresponding demo code to see the program in

its entirety. (We have aimed to make the demos small and focused for easy study.) As a general rule, the

reader should be able to implement a chapter's demo(s) on his or her own after reading the chapter and

spending some time studying the demo code. In fact, a good exercise is trying to implement the samples on

your own using the book and sample code as a reference.

In addition to sample programs, the website also contains a message board. We encourage readers to

communicate with each other and post questions on topics they do not understand or on topics for which

they need clarification. In many cases, getting alternative perspectives and explanations to a concept speeds

up the time it takes to comprehend it. And lastly, additional program samples and tutorials are planned to

be added to the web site on topics that we could not fit into this book.

DEMO PROJECT SETUP IN VISUAL STUDIO 2010

The demos for this book can be opened simply by double-clicking the corresponding project file (.vcxproj)

or solution file (.sin). This section describes how to create and build a project from scratch using the book's

demo application framework using Visual Studio 2010 (VS10). As a working example, we will show how to

recreate and build the "Box" demo of Chapter 6

It is assumed that the reader has already successfully downloaded and installed the latest version of the

DirectX SDK (available at http://msdn.microsoft.com/directx/

), which is needed to program DirectX

applications. The installation of the SDK is straightforward, and the installation wizard will walk you through

it.

Create a Win32 Project

First, launch VS10, then go to the main menu and select File >New >Project, as shown in Figure 3

The New Project dialog box will appear (Figure 4

). Select Visual C++ > Win32 from the Visual C++

Project Types tree control on the left. On the right, select Win32 Project. Next, give the project a name

and specify the location you wish to store the project folder. Also uncheck Create directory for solution,

if it is initially checked by default. Now hit OK.

A new dialog box will appear. On the left, there are two options: Overview and Application Settings. Select

Application Settings, which produces the dialog box shown in Figure 5

. From here, be sure that

Windows application is chosen, and the Empty project box is checked. Now press the Finish button. At

this point, you have successfully created an empty Win32 project, but there are still some things to do

before you can build a DirectX project demo.

Figure 3. Creating a new project.

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