提升效率：卓有成效的程序员指南

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《卓有成效的程序员》(The Productive Programmer)是一本由Neal Ford撰写的经典IT专业书籍，该书在2008年首次出版，旨在帮助软件开发人员提升工作效率和技能，以实现更高效、更高质量的编程工作。这本书的特点在于其实战性和深度，不仅提供了实用的技巧和策略，还探讨了如何在快速变化的IT环境中保持敏捷和适应性。作者Neal Ford以其丰富的经验和技术洞察力，为读者揭示了一系列提高编程效率的方法。书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **时间管理与优先级设置**：程序员常常面临多任务挑战，如何合理安排工作流程，确定并优先处理重要任务是本书的核心内容之一。 2. **持续学习与技术选型**：随着技术的不断更新换代，书中可能会讨论如何跟踪最新工具（如Tomcat™）和最佳实践，以确保代码的高效运行和维护。 3. **代码重构与优化**：书中可能详细讲解如何通过重构改善代码质量，降低维护成本，以及如何避免常见的性能瓶颈。 4. **团队协作与沟通**：有效的工作环境和良好的团队协作对于程序员的生产力至关重要，书中可能会探讨敏捷开发方法和协作工具的应用。 5. **问题解决与调试技巧**：如何快速定位和解决代码中的问题，以及如何编写可读性强、易于维护的代码，这些都是书中不可或缺的部分。 6. **项目管理和软件生命周期**：书中可能介绍如何在整个软件开发生命周期中保持高效，包括需求分析、设计、编码、测试和部署等各个阶段。 7. **职业发展与个人成长**：作为一本专业指南，它也可能涉及如何在职业生涯中不断提升自我，保持技术更新和个人品牌的塑造。 8. **工作习惯与心理调适**：书中可能会关注程序员的心理健康和工作习惯，提供应对压力、保持专注和提高工作效率的建议。《卓有成效的程序员》是一本既适合初级开发者提升技能，也适合经验丰富的程序员进一步巩固和优化实践的宝贵资源。通过阅读和应用书中的内容，程序员可以更好地提升自身在IT行业的竞争力，并成为行业内的佼佼者。

ODUCTIVITY IS DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT OF USEFUL WORK PERFOR MED OVER TIME. Someone

who is more productive performs more effective work in a given time interval than someone

less productive. This book is all about how to become more productive as you go about the

tasks required to develop software. It is language and operating system agnostic: I provide tips

in a variety of languages, and across three major operating systems: Windows (in various

flavors), Mac OS X, and *-nix (Unix and Linux alternatives).

This book is about individual programmer productivity, not group productivity. To that end, I

don’t talk about methodology (well, maybe a little here and there, but always on the

periphery). I also don’t discuss productivity gains that affect the whole team. My mission is to

allow individual programmers the tools and philosophies to get more useful work done per

unit of time.

Why a Book on Programmer Productivity?

I work for ThoughtWorks, an international consulting company of about 1,000 employees

spread across 6 countries. Because we are traveling consultants (especially in the U.S.), we are

a demographically very young company. It came to pass at one of our company outings (where

beverages were served) that I starting chatting with one of the People people. She asked me

how old I was and I told her. Then, she gave me an off-handed compliment(?): “Wow, you’re

old enough to add diversity to the company!” That sparked some thoughts. I’ve been

developing software for many years (cue the maudlin “Back in my day, we had kerosene-

powered computers…”). During that time, I’ve observed an interesting phenomenon:

developers are getting less efficient, not more. Back in ancient times (a couple of decades in

computer time),

running

a computer was a difficult job, much less programming the thing.

You had to be a really clever developer to get anything useful from the beastly machine. This

crucible forged Really Smart Guys who developed all sorts of efficient ways to interact with

the intractable computers of their age.

Slowly, due to the hard work of programmers, computers became easier to use. This innovation

was really to stop users from complaining so much. The Really Smart Guys congratulated

themselves (as all programmers do when they can get a user to pipe down). Then a funny thing

happened: a whole generation of developers came along who no longer needed clever tricks

and devious intelligence to get computers to do what they wanted. The developers, like the

end users, basked in the easier-to-use computers. So, what’s wrong with that? After all,

productivity is a good thing, right?

It depends. What is productive for a user (nice graphical user interface, mice, pull-down menus,

etc.) can actually be a hindrance to someone trying to get the best performance from a

computer. “Easy to use” and “efficient” overlap infrequently. Developers who grew up using

graphical user interfaces (OK, I’ll just go ahead and say it: Windows) don’t know many of the

cool, efficient tricks of the trade of the Really Smart Guys of yesteryear. Developers today are

not

running

their computers, they are

walking

them. I’m going to try to fix that.

C HA PT ER 1 : I NT RO DU CT IO N

Address Completion in Browsers

Here’s a quick example: how many web sites do you visit in a day? Most of them start with

“www.”

and end with “.com”. A little-known shortcut exists for all modern browsers:

address

completion

. Address completion uses a hotkey combination to automatically add “www.” to

the beginning and “.com” to the end of the string you type in the browser’s address bar.

Different browsers support slightly different syntax. (Note that this is different from letting the

browser automatically supply the prefix and suffix. All the modern browsers do that too.) The

difference is one of efficiency. To autocomplete the prefix and suffix, the browser goes out to

the network and looks for a site with the “bare” name. If it doesn’t find one, it tries it with the

prefix and suffix, entailing another trip out to the network. With a fast connection, you may

not even notice the lag, but you’re slowing down the whole Internet with all those false hits!

Internet Explorer

Internet Explorer (IE) makes it easier to type in addresses that contain standard prefixes and

suffixes. Use the keys Ctrl-Enter to add “www.” to the front of an address and “.com” to the end.

Firefox

The same Internet Explorer shortcut works for the Windows version of Firefox as well. For

Macintosh, Apple-Enter does the same thing. Firefox goes one better: for all the platforms it

supports, Alt-Enter places a “.org” at the end.

Firefox has other handy shortcut keys that no one seems to leverage. To go directly to a tab,

you can use Ctrl + <TAB-NUMBER> in Windows or Apple + <TAB-NUMBER> in OS X.

OK, this shortcut is worth a measly eight keystrokes per web page. But think of the number

of web pages you visit every day, and those eight characters per page start to add up. This is

an example of the principle of

acceleration

, defined in Chapter 2.

But saving eight keystrokes per web page isn’t the point of this example. I conducted an

informal poll of all the developers I know and learned that less than 20 percent of them knew

this shortcut. These folks are hardcore computer experts, yet they weren’t taking advantage of

even the simplest productivity gains. My mission is to rectify that.

What This Book Is About

The Productive Programmer

is divided into two parts. The first discusses the

mechanics

productivity, and the tools and their uses that make you more productive as you go through

the physical activities of developing software. The second part discusses the

practice

productivity, and how you can leverage your knowledge and the knowledge of others to

produce better software more quickly. In both sections, you will likely run into some things

you already know, as well as things you have never thought of before.

W ha t Th is B oo k Is A bo ut 3

Part I: Mechanics (The Productivity Principles)

You

can treat this book as a recipe book for command-line and other productivity tips and still

reap benefits. But if you understand

why

something increases productivity, you can recognize

it all around you. Creating patterns to describe something creates

nomenclature

: once you have

a name for something, it’s easier to recognize when you see it again. One of the goals of this

book is to define a set of productivity principles to help you define your own productivity

techniques. Like all patterns, it becomes easier to identify them once they have names.

Knowing why something speeds you up allows you to more quickly identify other things that

will help you work faster.

This is not just a book on how to use computers more effectively (although that is a side effect).

It is focused on

programmer

productivity. To this end, I don’t cover many things that are

obvious to casual or even power users (although, as the exception that proves the rule, the

earlier section “Address Completion in Browsers” does show an obvious tip). Programmers

represent a unique subsection of computer users. We should be able to bend computers to our

will more effectively than anyone else because we understand the most about how they really

work. Mostly, this book is about things you can do with and to a computer to make your job

easier, faster, and more efficient. However, I also discuss some low-hanging fruit that can make

you more productive.

Part I covers every productivity tip I could invent, harvest, bully out of my friends, or read

about. Originally, I aimed to create the world’s most awesome collection of productivity

recipes. I don’t know if that happened, but you will still find a pretty impressive collection of

recipes here.

As I started collating all these cool productivity tips, I noticed patterns emerging. Looking over

these techniques, I started formulating categories of productivity for programmers. Eventually,

I created the

Principles of Programmer Productivity

because, frankly, I couldn’t think of a more

pretentious name. These principles are

acceleration

focus

automation

, and

canonicality

. They

describe the practices that allow programmers to become more productive.

Chapter 2

, Acceleration

, describes becoming more productive by speeding something up.

Obviously, if one person is faster at a particular task, that person is more productive at that

task than someone who goes more slowly doing the same thing. Great examples of the

acceleration principle are the numerous keyboard shortcuts that appear throughout the book.

Acceleration encompasses things like launching applications, managing clipboards, and

searching and navigation.

Chapter 3,

Focus

, describes how to achieve the state of super-productivity, using both tools

and environmental factors. It discusses ways to reduce the clutter of your environment (both

physical and virtual), how to search efficiently, and how to avoid distractions.

C HA PT ER 1 : I NT RO DU CT IO N

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