权威指南：利用ANTLR构建领域特定语言

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"The Definitive ANTLR Reference" 是由ANTLR的创始人撰写的一本权威指南，该语言解析器生成器在近年来已经显示出其强大的实力。本书不仅适合语言设计师，也适用于任何需要解析或转换文本的开发者，无论他们的专业背景如何。作者通过深入讲解ANTLR的工作原理，引导读者如何充分利用这一工具来创建定制化的领域专用语言（DSL）。马丁·福勒，ThoughtWorks公司的首席科学家，高度评价这本书，认为它是每个开发者书架上的必备之作，特别是对于那些想要提升文本处理能力的人来说。他指出，ANTLR不再局限于语言设计，而是成为了开发者们开发自己领域特定语言的强大工具。鲍勃·麦克维特，JBoss Rules Project（即Drools）的创始人，强调了随着技术的发展，开发者职业发展的新阶段——能够根据任务需求定制语言。他提到，《The Definitive ANTLR Reference》揭示了一个事实：即使没有博士学位，任何人都可以利用ANTLR来开发自己的DSL，并且这在实际工作中是非常有价值的。尼尔·盖特，前Sun Microsystems的Java Evangelist和编译器专家，表示这本书尤其值得一提，因为它向读者展示了如何跨越传统的编程语言界限，实现更加灵活和针对性的语言设计。通过阅读这本书，开发者不仅可以提升技术技能，还能在职业生涯中实现新的突破。 "The Definitive ANTLR Reference" 是一本实用的教程，它不仅教导读者ANTLR的基础概念和高级用法，还提供了解决实际问题的方法，帮助读者掌握如何设计、构建和优化自己的语言工具，从而在软件开发中发挥更大的创新力和效率。无论是对新手还是经验丰富的开发者来说，这本书都是一个不可或缺的参考资料，它将推动读者在领域特定语言的开发领域迈出坚实的一步。

WHY A COMPLETELY NEW VERSION OF ANTLR? 16

You generate and recognize sentences by walking th eir implicit tree

structure, from the most abstract concept at the root to the vocabulary

symbols at the leaves. Each subtree represents a phrase of a sentence

and maps dir ect l y to a rule in your grammar. ANTLR’s grammars and

resulting top-down recursive-descent recognizers thus feel very nat-

ural. ANTLR’s fundamental approach dovetails your innat e language

process.

Why a Complete l y New Version of ANTL R?

For the past four years, I have been working feverishly to design and

build ANTLR v3, the subject of this book. ANTLR v3 is a completely

rewri tten version and represents the culmination of twenty year s of

language research. Most ANTLR users will instantly ﬁnd it familiar,

but many of the details are different. ANTLR retains its strong mojo

in this new version while correcting a n umber of deﬁciencies, quirks,

and weaknesses of ANTLR v2 (I felt free to break backward compatibil-

ity in order to achieve this). Speciﬁcally, I didn’t like the following about

v2:

• The v2 lexers were very slow albeit powerful.

• There were no unit tests for v2.

• The v2 code base was i mpenetrable. The code was never refactored

to clean it up, partially for fear of breaking it without unit tests.

• The l i near approximate LL(k) parsing strategy was a bit weak.

• Building a new language target duplicated vast swaths of logic and

print statements.

• The AST construction mechanism was too informal.

• A number of common tasks were not easy (such as obtaining the

text matched by a parser rule).

• It lacked the semantic predicates hoisting of ANTLR v1 ( PCCTS).

• The v2 license/contributor trail was loose and made big compa-

nies afraid to use it.

ANTLR v3 is my answer to the issues in v2. ANTLR v3 has a very clean

and well-organized code base with lots of unit tests. ANTLR generates

extremely powerful LL(*) recognizers that are fast and easy to read.

8. See http://www.antlr.org/blog/antlr3/antlr2.bashing.tml for notes on what people did not like

about v2. ANTLR v2 also suffered because it was designed and built while I was under

the workload and stress of a new start-up (jGuru.com).

WHO IS THIS BOOK FOR? 18

Who Is This Book For ?

The primary audience for this book is the practicing software developer,

though it is suitable for junior and senior computer science under-

graduates. This book is speciﬁcally targeted at any programmer inter-

ested in learning to use ANTLR to build interpreters and translators for

domain-speciﬁc languages. Beginners and experts alike will need this

book to use ANTLR v3 effectively. For the most part, the level of discus-

sion is accessible to the average programmer. Portions of Part III, how-

ever, require some language experience to fully appreciate. Although

the examples in this book are written in Java, their substance applies

equally well to the other language targets such as C, C++, Objective-C,

Python, C#, and so on. Readers should know Java to get the most out

of the book.

What’s in This Book?

This book is the best, most complete source of information on ANTLR

v3 th at you’ll ﬁnd anywhere. The free, online documentation provides

enough to learn the basic grammar syntax and semanti cs but doesn’t

explain ANTLR concepts in detail. This book helps you g et the most

out of ANTLR and is required reading to become an advanced user.

In particular, Part III provides the only thorough explanation available

anywhere of ANTLR’s LL(*) parsing strategy.

This book is organized as follows. Part I introduces ANTLR, describes

how the nature of computer languages dictates the nature of language

recognizers, and provides a complete calculator example. Part II is the

main reference section and provides all the details you’ll need to build

large and complex grammars and translators. Part III treks through

ANTLR’s predicated-LL(*) parsing strategy and explains the grammar

analysis errors you might encounter. Predicated-LL(*) is a totally new

parsing strategy, and Part III is essentially the only written documen-

tation you’ll ﬁnd for it. You’ll need to be familiar with the contents in

order to build complicated translators.

Readers who are totally new to grammars and language tools should

follow the chapter sequence in Part I as is. Chapter

1, Getting Started

with ANTLR, on page 21 wil l familiarize you with ANTLR’s basic idea;

Chapter

2, The Nature of Computer Languages, on page 34 gets you

ready to study grammars more formally in Part II; and Chapter

3, A

Quick Tour for the Impatient, on page 59 g i ves your brain something

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