精通Microsoft ASP.NET应用程序设计

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"Designing Microsoft ASP.NET Applications" 是一本由 Douglas J. Reilly 撰写的书籍，专注于介绍如何利用ASP.NET技术构建复杂的Web应用程序。该书由Microsoft Press出版，于2002年发行，共计402页。书中不仅涵盖了ASP.NET的基础知识，还深入探讨了Web Forms、组件创建、服务器与客户端功能平衡、数据处理以及XML Web服务等高级主题。本书旨在帮助读者超越传统的ASP脚本编写，学习ASP.NET开发的新方法。以下是书中各章节的简要概述： 1. 引言 - 介绍ASP.NET开发的基本概念和本书的目的。 2. 托管代码和公共语言运行时 - 解释.NET框架中的托管代码概念，以及公共语言运行时（CLR）如何支持多种编程语言。 3. .NET框架对象和语言 - 详述.NET框架的核心组件，包括类库、框架结构以及支持的语言如C#和VB.NET。 4. ASP.NET开发基础 - 教授读者如何开始使用ASP.NET进行Web应用开发，包括基本的页面结构和生命周期。 5. Web Forms - 介绍ASP.NET的Web Forms模型，它是构建交互式Web应用程序的主要工具。 6. 创建ASP.NET组件 - 讨论自定义用户控件和服务器控件的开发，以及如何将这些组件集成到Web应用程序中。 7. 平衡服务器和客户端功能 - 探讨如何有效地在服务器端和客户端之间分配功能，以优化性能和用户体验。 8. 获取数据 - 讲解如何连接数据库，使用ADO.NET进行数据访问和操作。 9. 数据与ASP.NET表单 - 展示如何在ASP.NET表单中显示和处理数据，以及使用数据绑定技术。 10. XML Web服务 - 介绍如何创建和消费XML Web服务，实现跨平台和跨应用程序的数据交换。此外，书中还包括配置ASP.NET应用程序在Internet Information Services (IIS)上的指南，以及关于HTML的基础知识，以帮助读者更好地理解和使用本书。附录提供了索引、图、表、列表和侧边栏内容，方便读者查阅。通过阅读这本书，读者能够全面了解ASP.NET开发的各个方面，从而具备构建高效、灵活且功能丰富的Web应用程序的能力。

You might expect that ASP would be implemented as an ISAPI filter, but as you can

see in this investigation of the ASP.dll included with IIS 5.0, ASP is implemented using

an ISAPI extension. It’s surprisingly simple to create your own ASP-like system. Simply

dialog box. Next create an ISAPI DLL that will be called when a file with the specified

extension is included in a URL. When a URL with the specified file extension is

requested, the HttpExtensionProc function in the ISAPI DLL is called. ISAPI DLLs have

access to callback functions to allow them to get all the information they need to

process requests.

Why might you create your own ISAPI DLL and map it to a specific file extension? If

you have very specialized scripting requirements, this might be a reasonable solution if

no other reasonable scripting alternative is available. Or you might want to create an

ASP-like scripting engine in a language not currently available. With the advent of

ASP.NET, there’s very little reason to implement a different language in exactly this

way. ASP.NET provides a much more convenient and powerful way to include of new

languages.

ASP is a different type of development environment. First, ASP is a scripting

environment. You simply edit the page, place it in a properly configured directory with the

proper permissions assigned, and call it from a browser. Second, and something that

was originally quite impressive but would later become a significant obstacle to

development, ASP code can be mixed with standard HTML.

Note Active Server Pages, long known as ASP, has unfortunately

become a victim of a name collision: ASP is also used to refer to

Application Service Providers. To avoid confusion, throughout this

book, ASP refers to Active Server Pages. I’ll refer to Application

Service Providers as Application Service Providers rather than the

using the abbreviation ASP.

ASP code is generally written in Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript), but

Microsoft JScript is also available. Listing 1-3 is a sample ASP application,

SayHelloASP, written in VBScript.

Listing 1-3 The SayHelloASP sample application

<% Option Explicit %>

<HTML>

declared as any particular type of variable. A For loop increments x from 1 through 5,

and within the loop, the Write method of the Response object is used. The Response

object is made available to all ASP pages, along with several other objects, including

Request, Server, Session, and Application objects. At the end of the loop, the script

section is terminated using a %> delimiter, and then I finish up with a few lines of

standard HTML.

The For loop could also be written as follows:

Dim x

For x = 1 To 5

<FONT size=<%=x %>>Hello ASP World</FONT><BR>

In this version, the loop doesn’t use the Response.Write method to write out the five

versions of the “Hello ASP World” line. Instead, the font tag and the text are written

directly, with one special string, <%=x %>. Within HTML code on an ASP page, using

<%= followed by a variable and an end delimiter (%>) is a shortcut for using

Response.Write to write a variable to the HTML stream.

Note Using the <%=variable%> syntax has some debugging

implications. If you receive an error message related to, for

example, the variable not being declared, the message might refer

to Response.Write(variable) rather than the actual syntax used. If

you receive an error message referring to code you don’t actually

have in your script, you should look at these kinds of script

shortcuts.

The Good News About ASP

ASP became an instant hit, in large part because it made something that was difficult

(create dynamic Web content) relatively easy. Creating CGI applications and ISAPI

applications wasn’t terribly difficult, but using ASP was much simpler.

By default, ASP uses VBScript. Literally millions of developers are at least somewhat

familiar with Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), or VBScript. For these

developers, ASP was the way to enter the Internet age. Certainly the developers could

have learned a new programming language, but they didn’t have to with ASP. Partly

because of its use of VBScript, ASP became a viable way to build Web applications.

Just as important was the relatively easy access to databases allowed through Microsoft

ActiveX Data Objects (ADO). When you need to generate dynamic content, that dynamic

content obviously needs to come from somewhere, and ADO made it easy to get at that

data.

Finally, and perhaps most important, the ASP development model allowed developers to

essentially write code and run it. There was no need to perform compilation or elaborate

installation steps. As you’ll see in Chapter 4, the ASP.NET architects were careful to

capture this same development model, even though what’s going on under the covers is

quite a bit different.

The Bad News About ASP

ASP is a powerful tool for Web developers who need to build large, scalable Web

applications. Web sites such as www.microsoft.com and www.dell.com and many other

sites large and small have used ASP with great success. I have no experience on such

massive Web sites, but I’ve done a fair amount of work with ASP on a moderate-size site

for SportSoft Golf, www.golfsocietyonline.com. Much of my experience with real-world

Internet application scalability comes from working with this site, which I think is fairly

representative of such moderate-size sites.

MsgBox "Done"

End Sub

On the same machine, the previous code took 12 seconds to append 50,000 A’s to a

string; with this code, inserting 50,000 A’s into a previously allocated string is

instantaneous! Clearly, the issue isn’t string handling per se but the allocation of

strings. In the GoSlow_Click subroutine, each of the 50,000 times that tstr = tstr & “A”

is called, tstr is reallocated.

The problem with this solution for ASP developers is that VBScript provides a Mid

function, not a Mid statement, which would be required for use on the left side of the

equals sign.

ASP.NET will have similar performance when manipulating strings in the same way,

but ASP.NET does allow you to use the new StringBuilder class as an alternative. The

StringBuilder class has better performance when manipulating lots of strings.

What ASP doesn’t provide is a flexible, powerful, and truly scalable programming

environment. For example, in Listing 1-3, when declaring the variable x, I don’t specify a

type. I can’t, because all variables in VBScript are the Variant data type, able to hold any

data, but not permanently a particular type. For instance, I could have said x = “duck”

and then followed that with x = 7 and that would be perfectly valid code. The lack of

strongly typed variables makes VBScript prone to all sorts of errors not seen in strongly

typed languages.

Recall that the first line in the SayHelloASP example in Listing 1-3 is an Option Explicit

directive. Without this directive, VBScript will happily create a variable the first time it’s

used. Thus, if you have a variable named x1 and you mistype it as xl (x and the letter l,

not x and the numeral 1), VBScript will happily create a new variable xl with no value.

Not needing to declare variables seems convenient. In fact, a review of scripting

languages even gave points to ASP and another scripting environment for not requiring

variables to be declared, but this isn’t appropriate for professional developers creating

reliable, scalable sites.

Another problem is the ability to mix and match standard HTML and scripting. More to

the point, the problem is the necessity to intersperse code directives within HTML. In

addition to hurting performance by requiring a context change each time a script section

is entered and exited, this intermixing code into raw HTML makes it extremely difficult to

separate the presentation from the core of the application.

A concrete example of this is the difficulty I have when working with SportSoft Golf to

create content for syndication. Syndication relies on a business model very much like

that of an Application Service Provider. SportSoft Golf provides the content. Their

customers link the SportSoft Golf site to their own sites. The actual location of the

content—whether it’s on the customer’s site or on the SportSoft Golf site—should be

transparent to the ultimate consumer of the content. To accomplish that, the content

provided by SportSoft Golf must look like the content of each of its customer’s sites.

To perform this magic of creating content that looks and feels like the home sites of

many different customers requires a separation between presentation and content.

Although this can be done using ASP, it is painfully difficult. One common solution is to

use a complex set of include files that allow content to be included separately. Using

include files alone isn’t sufficient, but it can work in combination with a complex set of

variables that allow presentation details, such as the colors for tables, to work their way

into the content.

Maintaining multiple include files and allowing the unstructured sharing of presentation

details between the files defining the content and the files defining the presentation is a

daunting task. This, combined with the real and perceived weaknesses of VBScript, has

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