空间任务工程实用指南：微宇宙2005版
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收藏 27.9MB PDF 举报 "Space Mission Analysis and Design-Microcosm (2005)" 是一本关于空间任务工程的实践手册，由顶尖的航空航天专家撰写，旨在引导读者了解从轨道选择到地面操作的整个任务设计过程。该书是SMAD（Space Mission Analysis and Design）系列的第三版，更新了技术内容，特别强调小型航天器设计和成本降低过程，并增加了多卫星制造、空间计算机、有效载荷设计以及自主系统等领域的详细信息。
在航天器任务分析和设计方面，这本书提供了深入的指导。对于地球静止卫星的任务设计，作者J.J.Poeba提供了一个入门介绍，涵盖了选择合适轨道的关键因素和考虑。而James R. Wertz和Wiley J. Larson合作的前两版SMAD书籍则为读者构建了坚实的基础，第三版在此基础上增加了新的视角和技术进步。
书中对小型航天器设计的强调反映了当前航天领域的一个趋势，即小型化和低成本化。随着技术的发展，小型卫星在科学研究、通信和地球观测等领域的作用日益显著。书中详细探讨了如何在有限的预算和尺寸限制下优化设计，以实现高效和可靠的太空任务。
关于多卫星制造，书中有专门的章节讨论如何管理和协调多个航天器的生产，这对于星座网络的构建至关重要。此外，空间计算机部分介绍了现代航天器上用于控制和处理任务数据的硬件，这些都是保证任务成功执行的核心组成部分。
在有效载荷设计方面，书中可能会涵盖传感器选择、数据传输和处理等主题，这些是航天器执行特定任务（如遥感或通信）的关键。自主系统部分则讨论了现代航天器如何通过自主导航、控制和决策系统来提高任务效率和生存能力。
降低成本是航天项目中的一个关键挑战，James R. Wertz和Wiley J. Larson的另一本著作专门探讨了这个话题，提供了策略和方法来减少航天任务的经济负担。这包括了从项目规划到实施的各个阶段的成本优化。
此外，书中的其他主题如空间结构和机械装置、空间飞行生命支持和生物圈学、逻辑微空间、空间营销、基础天体力学和应用、任务几何学、心理因素对产品开发的影响，以及空间飞行动力学和磁层的基本原理，都是全面理解航天任务设计不可或缺的知识点。它们共同构建了一套综合的学习资源，不仅适用于航天工程师，也适合于对此领域感兴趣的学者和学生。
12
The
Space
Mission Analysis
and
Design
Process
1.3
The payload consists of the hardware
and
software that sense or interact
with
the
subject Typically,
we
trade off
and
combine
severaISensOrs
and
experiments to
form
the
payload,
which largely determines
the
mission's cost, complexity,
and
effective-
ness. The subsystems
of
the spacecraft bus support the payload by providing orbit
and
attitude maintenance, power,
co~d,
telemetry
and
data handling, structure
and
rigidity,
and
temperature control.
The
payload
and
spacecraft bus together are called
the
spacecraft, space segment, or launch vehicle payload.
The
launch system includes the launch facility, launch vehicle
and
any
upper
stage
required
to
place
the
spacecraft
in
orbit,
as
well
as
interfaces, payload fairing,
and
associated ground-support equipment
and
facilities. The selected launch
system
constrains
the
size,
shape,
and
mass
of
the
spacecraft.
The
orbit is
the
spacecraft's path or trajectory. Typically, there is a separate initial
parking orbit, transfer orbit,
and
final
mission orbit There
may
also
be
an
end-of-life
or
disposal
orbit The mission orbit significantly influences every element of
the
mission
and
provides
many
options
for
trades
in
mission architecture.
The
communications architecture is
the
arrangement
of
components
which
satisfy
the mission's communication,
command,
and
control requirements. It
depends
strong-
lyon
the
amount
and
timing requirements
of
data to be transferred,
as
well
as
the
num-
ber, location, availability,
and
communicating ability
of
the space
and
ground assets.
The
ground system consists of fixed
and
mobile ground stations
around
the globe
connected
by
various data links. They
allow
us
to command
and
track the spacecraft,
receive
and
process telemetry
and
mission data,
and
distribute the information to
the
operators
and
users.
Mission operations consist
of
the
people, hardware,
and
software that execute
the
mission,
the
mission operations concept,
and
attendant policies, procedures,
and
data
flows.
Fmally, the
command,
control, and communications (C
3
)
architecture contains
the
spacecraft, communications architecture, ground segment,
and
mission operations
elements.
1.3 Step 1: Definition
of
Mission Objectives
The first step
in
analyzing
and
designing a space mission is to define mission
objectives:
the broad goals
which
the
system
must achieve
to
be
productive. Figure
1-4
shows
sample
objectives
for
FrreSat
We
draw
these qualitative mission objectives
largely
from
the mission statement In contrast, the mission requirements
and
constraints discussed in Sec. 1.4
are
quantitative expressions
of
how
well
we
achieve
our objectives-balancing
what
we
want
against what the budget will
allow.
Thus,
whereas
we
may
modify
objectives slightly or not at
all
during concept exploration,
we
often
trade
requirements throughout
the
process. For FrreSat to be FrreSat, it
must
detect, identify,
and
monitor forest fires.
As
we
trade
and
implement elements
of
the
system during concept exploration,
we
must ensure that they meet this
fundamental
objective. An excellent example
of
the careful definition
of
broad mission objectives
for space science missions is given by
the
National Research Council [1990].
Ordinarily, space missions have several objectives. Some are secondary objectives
which
can
be
met by the defined set
of
equipment,
and
some are additional objectives
which
may
demand
more equipment Nearly
all
space missions have a hidden
agerula
which consists
of
secondary, typically nontechnical, objectives. Frequently political,
social, or cultural, they
are
equally real
and
equally important to satisfy. For
example,
a secondary objective for FrreSat could
be
to
show
the public a visible response
to
1.3
Step
1:
Definition
of
Mission Objectives
13
-
RreSat
Mission Objectives
Primary
ObJectJve:
To detect, Identify, and monitor forest fires throughout the UnltedStates,
Including Alaska and HawaII, In near real time.
Secondary ObJectives:
To demonstrate
to
the public that positive action
Is
underway
to
contain
forest fires.
To collect statistical data on the outbreak and growth
of
forest fires.
To monitor forest fires
for
other countries.
To collect other forest management data.
Fig. 1-4. FlreSat
Mission
ObJectives. Unlike requirements, which specify numerical levels
of
performance,
the mission objectives are
broad
statements of what the system must do
to
be
useful.
frequent forest fires. Third World nations produce satellites in part to
show
that their
developing technology
makes
them important players
in
international politics.
Of
course, this secondary political objective for space programs has been important for
many
years
in
both the United States
and
the former Soviet Union.
If
we
are to meet
all
of
a space mission's objectives,
we
must identify secondary
and
nontechnical
objectives
as
well
as
primary ones.
Multiple objectives also occur
when
we
use a single satellite to meet different
demands. For example,
we
may
use FIreSat's temperature-sensing instruments to
monitor global changes
in
ocean temperatures. In this case, the secondary objectives
could become as important
as
the primary ones. A second example would
be
adding a
communications payload
to FrreSat to permit better communications among the
distributed groups
who
fight forest fires. Although the primary objective usually will
be
quite stable, secondary objectives may shift
to
meet the users' needs and the
redefined potential of the space mission concept
As
in
the
case
of
most of the top-level trades,
we
recommend strongly against
numerical formulas that try to "score"
how
well a mission meets its objectives.
We
can
compute probabilities
for'
achieving some technical objectives, but trying to
numerically combine the coverage characteristics
of
different FrreSat constellations
with the political impact
of
launching FrreSat is too simplistic for effective decision
making. Instead,
we
must identify objectives separately so
we
can judge how to
balance alternative objectives and mission concepts.
Good mission objectives incorporate user needs and, at least indirectIy, the space
characteristics
we
are exploiting to achieve them.
As
stated earlier, space is expensive.
If
our end objective does not use one
of
the fundamental space characteristics, it
will
likely cost less to do
on
Earth. For example, there is little reason to manufacture low-
cost consumer goods or publish
books in space.
What fundamental characteristics
of
space make space missions desirable?
Table 1-4 lists some
of
them with their corresponding missions. Exploring and using
space serves various objectives, from extremely practical telecommunications and
weather, to major scientific observatories hoping
to understand the universe better, to
advanced military applications and exploring
and
exploiting the Moon and planets.
Our objectives are diverse partIy because we use many different space characteristics.
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