Chapter 7, "Scheduling and Kernel Synchronization," describes the operation of the scheduler, which allows
multiple processes to run as though they are the only process in the system. This chapter covers in detail how
the kernel selects which task to execute and how it interfaces with the hardware to switch from one process to
another. This chapter also describes what kernel preemption is and how it is executed. Finally, it describes
how the system clock works and its use by the kernel to keep time.
Chapter 8, "Booting the Kernel," describes what happens from Power On to Power Off. It traces how the
various processors handle the loading of the kernel, including a description of BIOS, Open Firmware, and
bootloaders. This chapter then goes through the linear order in kernel bringup and initialization, covering all
the subsystems discussed in previous chapters.
Part III deals with a more hands-on approach to building and interacting with the Linux kernel:
Chapter 9, "Building the Linux Kernel," covers the toolchain necessary to build the kernel and the format of
the object files executed. It also describes in detail how the Kernel Source Build system operates and how to
add configuration options into the kernel build system.
Chapter 10, "Adding Your Code to the Kernel," describes the operation of /dev/random, which is seen in
all Linux systems. As it traces the device, the chapter touches on previously described concepts from a more
practical perspective. It then covers how to implement your own device in the kernel.
Our Approach
This book introduces the reader to the concepts necessary to understand the kernel. We follow a top-down
approach in the following two ways:
First, we associate the kernel workings with the execution of user space operations the reader may be more
familiar with and strive to explain the kernel workings in association with this. When possible, we begin with
a user space example and trace the execution of the code down into the kernel. It is not always possible to
follow this tracing straight down since the subsystem data types and substructures need to be introduced
before the explanation of how it works can take place. In these cases, we tie in explanations of the kernel
subsystem with specific examples of how it relates to a user space program. The intent is twofold: to highlight
the layering seen in the kernel as it interfaces with user space on one side and the hardware on the other, and
to explain workings of the subsystem by tracing the code and following the order of events as they occur. We
believe this will help the reader get a sense of how the kernel workings fit in with what he knows, and will
provide him with a framed reference for how a particular functionality associates to the rest of the operating
system.
Second, we use the top-down perspective to view the data structures central to the operation of the subsystem
and see how they relate to the execution of the system's management. We strive to delineate structures central
to the subsystem operation and to keep focus on them as we follow the operation of the subsystem.
Conventions
Throughout this book, you will see listings of the source code. The top-right corner will hold the location of
the source file with respect to the root of the source code tree. The listings are shown in this font. Line
numbers are provided for the code commentary that usually follows. As we explain the kernel subsystem and
how it works, we will continually refer to the source code and explain it.
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