Visual C# 2008编程指南

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"编程在Visual C# 2008中" 本书"Programming in Visual C#"是针对Microsoft Visual Studio平台的一本教程，主要讲解如何使用C#语言进行软件开发。作者是Bradley-Millspaugh，由McGraw-Hill Primis出版。这本书的ISBN号分别为ISBN-10: 0-39-017402-5和ISBN-13: 978-0-39-017402-4，特别指出该书的版权归属于2009年的The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.。尽管部分内容未给出，但可以推测这本书将涵盖C#编程的基础到高级主题，可能包括： 1. C#语言基础：变量、数据类型、控制流（如条件语句和循环）、函数、类和对象等基础知识。 2. 面向对象编程：封装、继承、多态这些OOP概念，以及如何在C#中实现它们。 3. .NET Framework：介绍.NET框架的核心组件，如Common Language Runtime (CLR)和类库。 4. Windows应用程序开发：如何使用Visual Studio创建Windows桌面应用，包括用户界面设计、事件处理和对话框。 5. 异常处理：学习如何捕获和处理程序运行时可能出现的错误。 6. 集合与泛型：理解数组、列表、字典等集合类型，以及泛型在C#中的应用。 7. 文件I/O和流：学习读写文件、操作数据流，如文本文件、二进制文件及网络流。 8. 数据库访问：介绍ADO.NET，学习如何连接数据库，执行查询，以及处理结果集。 9. 调试与测试：教授如何使用Visual Studio的调试工具来查找和修复代码错误，以及单元测试的重要性。 10. 高级话题：可能涉及线程、委托、Lambda表达式、匿名方法、LINQ等更复杂的C#特性。此外，书中可能还包含实际项目示例和练习，帮助读者巩固理论知识并提升实际编程技能。书中的内容可能会随着章节的深入逐步递进，确保学习者能逐步掌握Visual C# 2008的编程技巧和最佳实践。作为一本面向初学者和中级开发者的学习资料，"Programming in Visual C#"旨在帮助读者理解C#语言的精髓，同时提供一个强大的工具，以便在Microsoft的开发环境中构建高效、可靠的软件系统。

Bradley−Millspaugh:

Programming in Visual C#

2008

1. Introduction to

Programming and Visual

C# 2008

Text

Companies, 2010

CHAPTER 1 3

The Windows Graphical User Interface

Microsoft Windows uses a graphical user interface , or GUI (pronounced

“gooey”). The Windows GUI defines how the various elements look and

function. As a C# programmer, you have available a toolbox of these ele-

ments. You will create new windows, called forms . Then you will use the

toolbox to add the various elements, called controls . The projects that you

will write follow a programming technique called object-oriented pro-

gramming (OOP) .

F i gure 1. 2

A Web Forms application

running in a browser.

Programming Languages—Procedural,

Event Driven, and Object Oriented

There are literally hundreds of programming languages. Each was developed to

solve a particular type of problem. Most traditional languages, such as BASIC,

C, COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/1, and Pascal, are considered procedural lan-

guages. That is, the program specifies the exact sequence of all operations.

Program logic determines the next instruction to execute in response to condi-

tions and user requests.

The newer programming languages such as C#, Java, and Visual Basic

(VB) use a different approach: object-oriented programming (OOP) .

In the OOP model, programs are no longer procedural. They do not follow

a sequential logic. You, as the programmer, do not take control and determine

the sequence of execution. Instead, the user can press keys and click various

buttons and boxes in a window. Each user action can cause an event to occur,

which triggers a method (a set of programming statements) that you have writ-

ten. For example, the user clicks on a button labeled Calculate. The clicking

causes the button’s Click event to occur, and the program automatically jumps

to a method you have written to do the calculation.

Bradley−Millspaugh:

Programming in Visual C#

2008

1. Introduction to

Programming and Visual

C# 2008

Text

Companies, 2010

4 VISUAL C# Introduction to Programming and Visual C# 2008

The Object Model

In C# you will work with objects, which have properties, methods, and events.

Each object is based on a class.

Objects

Think of an object as a thing, or a noun. Examples of objects are forms and

controls. Forms are the windows and dialog boxes you place on the screen;

controls are the components you place inside a form, such as text boxes, but-

tons, and list boxes.

Properties

Properties tell something about or control the behavior of an object such as

its name, color, size, or location. You can think of properties as adjectives that

describe objects.

When you refer to a property, you first name the object, add a period, and

then name the property. For example, refer to the Text property of a form called

SalesForm as SalesForm.Text (pronounced “sales form dot text”).

Methods

Actions associated with objects are called methods . Methods are the verbs of

object-oriented programming. Some typical methods are

Close , Show , and

Clear . Each of the predefined objects has a set of methods that you can

use. You will learn to write additional methods to perform actions in your

programs.

You refer to methods as Object.Method (“object dot method”). For exam-

ple, a

Show method can apply to different objects: BillingForm.Show shows

the form object called BillingForm;

exitButton.Show shows the button object

called exitButton.

Events

You can write methods that execute when a particular event occurs. An event

occurs when the user takes an action such as clicking a button, pressing a key,

scrolling, or closing a window. Events also can be triggered by actions of other

objects, such as repainting a form or a timer reaching a preset point.

Classes

A class is a template or blueprint used to create a new object. Classes contain

the definition of all available properties, methods, and events.

Each time that you create a new object, it must be based on a class. For

example, you may decide to place three buttons on your form. Each button is

based on the Button class and is considered one object, called an instance of the

class. Each button (or instance) has its own set of properties, methods, and

events. One button may be labeled “OK”, one “Cancel”, and one “Exit”. When

the user clicks the

OK button, that button’s Click event occurs; if the user clicks

on the

Exit button, that button’s Click event occurs. And, of course, you have

written different program instructions for each of the button’s Click events.

An Analogy

If the concepts of classes, objects, properties, methods, and events are still a

little unclear, maybe an analogy will help. Consider an Automobile class. When

T he term members is used to refer to

both properties and methods.

■

TIP

Bradley−Millspaugh:

Programming in Visual C#

2008

1. Introduction to

Programming and Visual

C# 2008

Text

Companies, 2010

CHAPTER 1 5

we say automobile, we are not referring to a particular auto, but we know that

an automobile has a make and model, a color, an engine, and a number of

doors. These elements are the properties of the Automobile class.

Each individual auto is an object, or an instance of the Automobile class.

Each Automobile object has its own settings for the available properties. For

example, each Automobile object has a Color property, such as myAuto.Color =

Blue and yourAuto.Color = Red.

The methods, or actions, of the Automobile class might be

Start , SpeedUp ,

SlowDown , and Stop . To refer to the methods of a specific object of the class,

use

myAuto.Start and yourAuto.Stop .

The events of an Automobile class could be Arrive or Crash. In a C# pro-

gram, you write event-handling methods that specify the actions you want to

take when a particular event occurs for an object. For example, you might write

a method to handle the yourAuto.Crash event.

Note : Chapter 12 presents object-oriented programming in greater depth.

Microsoft’s Visual Studio

The latest version of Microsoft’s Visual Studio, called Visual Studio 2008, in-

cludes C#, Visual C++, Visual Basic, and the .NET 3.5 Framework.

The .NET Framework

The programming languages in Visual Studio run in the .NET Framework. The

Framework provides for easier development of Web-based and Windows-based

applications, allows objects from different languages to operate together, and

standardizes how the languages refer to data and objects. Several third-party

vendors have produced versions of other programming languages to run in the

.NET Framework, including .NET versions of APL by Dyalog, FORTRAN by

Lahey Computer Systems, COBOL by Fujitsu Software Corporation, Pascal by

the Queensland University of Technology (free), PERL by ActiveState, RPG by

ASNA, and Java, known as IKVM.NET.

The .NET languages all compile to (are translated to) a common machine

language, called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). The MSIL code,

called managed code, runs in the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which is

part of the .NET Framework.

Microsoft C# is a part of Visual Studio. You also can purchase C# by itself

(without the other languages but with the .NET Framework). C# is available in

an Express Edition , a Standard Edition, a Professional Edition , and four

specialized versions of Team System Editions for large enterprise application

development. You can find a matrix showing the features of each edition in

Help. Anyone planning to do professional application development that in-

cludes the advanced features of database management should use the Profes-

sional Edition or the Team System Database version. The full Professional

Edition is available to educational institutions through the Microsoft Academic

Alliance program and is the best possible deal. When a campus department

purchases the Academic Alliance, the school can install Visual Studio on all

classroom and lab computers and provide the software to all students and fac-

ulty at no additional charge. For more information, have your instructor visit:

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/academic/default.aspx

Bradley−Millspaugh:

Programming in Visual C#

2008

1. Introduction to

Programming and Visual

C# 2008

Text

Companies, 2010

6 VISUAL C# Introduction to Programming and Visual C# 2008

Microsoft provides an Express Edition of each of the programming lan-

guages, which you can download for free ( www.microsoft.com/express/down-

load/ ). You can use Visual C# Express for Windows development and Visual

Web Developer Express for the Web applications in Chapters 9 and 10.

This text is based on the Professional Edition of Visual Studio 2008, the

current version. You cannot run the projects in this text in any earlier version

of C#.

Writing C# Programs

When you write a C# application, you follow a three-step process for planning

the project and then repeat the three-step process for creating the project. The

three steps involve setting up the user interface, defining the properties, and

then creating the code.

The Three-Step Process

Planning

1. Design the user interface . When you plan the user interface , you draw

a sketch of the screens the user will see when running your project. On

your sketch, show the forms and all the controls that you plan to use.

Indicate the names that you plan to give the form and each of the objects

on the form. Refer to Figure 1.1 for examples of user interfaces.

Before you proceed with any more steps, consult with your user and

make sure that you both agree on the look and feel of the project.

2. Plan the properties . For each object, write down the properties that you

plan to set or change during the design of the form.

3. Plan the C# code . In this step you plan the classes and methods that

will execute when your project runs. You will determine which events

require action to be taken and then make a step-by-step plan for those

actions.

Later, when you actually write the C# code , you must follow the

language syntax rules. But during the planning stage, you will write out

the actions using pseudocode , which is an English expression or

comment that describes the action. For example, you must plan for

the event that occurs when the user clicks on the

Exit button. The

pseudocode for the event could be End the project or Quit .

Programming

After you have completed the planning steps and have approval from your user,

you are ready to begin the actual construction of the project. Use the same

three-step process that you used for planning.

1 . Define the user interface . When you define the user interface, you create

the forms and controls that you designed in the planning stage.

Think of this step as defining the objects you will use in your

application.

Bradley−Millspaugh:

Programming in Visual C#

2008

1. Introduction to

Programming and Visual

C# 2008

Text

Companies, 2010

CHAPTER 1 7

2. Set the properties . When you set the properties of the objects, you give

each object a name and define such attributes as the contents of a label,

the size of the text, and the words that appear on top of a button and in

the form’s title bar.

You might think of this step as describing each object.

3. Write the code . You will use C# programming statements (called C#

code ) to carry out the actions needed by your program. You will be sur-

prised and pleased by how few statements you need to create a powerful

Windows program.

You can think of this third step as defining the actions of your

program.

C# Application Files

A C# application, called a solution , can consist of one or more projects. Since

all of the solutions in this text have only one project, you can think of one

solution = one project. Each project can contain one or more form files. In

Chapters 1 through 5, all projects have only one form, so you can think of one

project = one form. Starting in Chapter 6, your projects will contain multiple

forms and additional files. As an example, the HelloWorld application that you

will create later in this chapter creates the following files:

File Name File Icon Description

HelloWorld.sln

The solution file . A text file that holds

information about the solution and the projects

it contains. This is the primary file for the

solution—the one that you open to work on or

run your project. Note the “9” on the icon,

which refers to Visual Studio version 9.

HelloWorld.suo

Solution user options file. Stores information

about the state of the integrated development

environment (IDE) so that all customizations

can be restored each time you open the

solution.

HelloForm.cs

A .cs (C#) file that holds the code methods that

you write. This is a text file that you can open

in any editor. Warning : You should not modify

this file unless you are using the editor in the

Visual Studio environment.

HelloForm.Designer.cs

A .cs (C#) file created by the Form Designer

that holds the definition of the form and its

controls. You should not modify this file

directly, but instead make changes in the

Designer and allow it to update the file.

HelloForm.resx

A resource file for the form. This text file

defines all resources used by the form,

including strings of text, numbers, and any

graphics.

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