VMware虚拟化解决方案实践指南

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VMware Cookbook 2nd Edition VMware Cookbook 2nd Edition是一本面向系统管理员的 Cookbook，旨在帮助他们更好地使用 VMware ESX、ESXi、vCloud Director 和 vSphere 等虚拟化技术。该书涵盖了从基础知识到高级技术的全面内容，适合初学者和经验丰富的管理员。 **虚拟化技术概述** 虚拟化技术是指通过软件将物理硬件虚拟化，创建多个虚拟机（VM）来提高服务器的资源利用率和灵活性。VMware 是虚拟化技术的领先者，提供了一系列的虚拟化产品，如 ESX、ESXi、vCloud Director 和 vSphere 等。 **VMware ESX 和 ESXi** VMware ESX 和 ESXi 是 VMware 的两款虚拟化服务器操作系统。ESX 是基于 Linux 内核的虚拟化服务器操作系统，而 ESXi 是基于 VMware 自己的 Hypervisor，两者都可以提供高性能和高可用性的虚拟化环境。 **vCloud Director** vCloud Director 是 VMware 的云计算平台，提供了一种灵活的方式来创建、管理和分配虚拟机和云资源。vCloud Director 允许管理员创建虚拟机模板、分配资源、监控性能和管理安全等。 **vSphere** vSphere 是 VMware 的虚拟化平台，提供了一种集中的方式来管理虚拟机和物理资源。vSphere 可以帮助管理员简化虚拟化环境的管理、提高资源利用率和降低成本。 **VMware Cookbook 的特点** VMware Cookbook 2nd Edition 的特点包括： * 面向系统管理员的实践指南 *涵盖了从基础知识到高级技术的全面内容 * 适合初学者和经验丰富的管理员 * 详细介绍了 VMware 的虚拟化技术和产品 * 提供了大量的实践经验和解决方案 **VMware Cookbook 的应用场景** VMware Cookbook 2nd Edition 适用于以下场景： * 系统管理员需要了解 VMware 的虚拟化技术和产品 * 需要提高虚拟化环境的管理和维护效率 * 需要解决虚拟化环境中的常见问题和挑战 * 需要了解 VMware 的最新技术和解决方案 VMware Cookbook 2nd Edition 是一本非常实用的 Cookbook，对于系统管理员来说非常有价值。它涵盖了 VMware 的虚拟化技术和产品，提供了大量的实践经验和解决方案，非常适合系统管理员和虚拟化技术爱好者。

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CHAPTER 1

VMware Infrastructure Installation

This book aims to be useful for both new and seasoned VMware ESXi users. Because

of the intermediate-to-advanced nature of this cookbook, we will assume from time to

time that you have advanced knowledge and understanding of how the products work.

Before we begin serving the main recipes of our cookbook, we define several terms we

will use throughout the rest of the book, and make sure that you have all the necessary

components installed.

Virtualization provides a way for multiple operating systems to be installed on the same

physical hardware. By using virtual technology, we can consolidate hardware and in-

stantly build production, quality assurance, and test environments. This is a tremen-

dous breakthrough, as it allows underutilized equipment to do more than sit around

idly, and allows developers and administrators to test and use multiple software con-

figurations and packages that require different operating systems on the same piece of

equipment, without having to purchase, set up, and maintain multiple computers. This

savings makes the accounting department and managers happy and gives the technol-

ogy lovers an opportunity to do all the things they want or need to do at the same time.

A typical IT scenario goes something like this: you have lots of servers in your rack or

collection of racks. Most of them run at only about 10%–15% of their capacity the

majority of the time, but you let that happen because you want to keep their various

functions and operating systems isolated from one another. This provides some secu-

rity, both because if one server is compromised it does not necessarily mean that access

has been granted to others, and because a problem with one piece of software will not

cause other parts of your IT infrastructure to go down as you deal with it.

Virtualization helps you make better use of those physical resources, without compro-

mising the original intent of keeping services isolated. Instead of installing your oper-

ating system directly on your hardware, you instead begin with a virtualization layer:

a stripped-down OS designed to schedule access to network, disk, memory, and CPU

resources for guest OSs, the same way that those guest OSs control that scheduling for

their applications. Most virtualization platforms limit themselves to specific hardware

and present a specific set of virtual components to the operating systems installed on

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top of them. This provides a very stable and consistent presentation to the operating

systems you install and allows them to be moved much more easily.

Once you’ve installed and configured the virtualization layer, you can partition the

physical hardware and assign it to discrete operating system instances that you install

on top of the virtualization layer. These virtual installations operate exactly as they

would normally. They are not aware of the presence of other virtual installations that

exist on the same hardware. Each acts as if it is installed on a predefined piece of

equipment by itself, with the virtualization layer controlling what the virtual installation

sees and how it interacts with other equipment outside of its control. Basically, the

virtual installation looks, feels, acts, and is administered exactly the same as a standard

installation from the inside, but it may be manipulated and configured easily and

alongside others from the outside.

Here is the coolest part: virtualization, as provided by sophisticated systems like

VMware, also allows you to pool the resources of several physical machines and then

divide them up however you want or need. If you have 10 physical servers, each with

4 processors, 4GB of RAM, and an 80GB hard drive, you can segment those resources

to provide a small and low-powered server for your in-house email, a powerful and

high-memory processor for the number crunchers in accounting, multiple load-

balanced servers for your web server, a separate server for your database, and so on,

each with a configuration of memory, disk space, processor power, and so on, specific

for its needs. Then, if you discover that one virtual server has more resources than it

really needs and another doesn’t have enough, you can change the configuration quick-

ly, easily, and without taking your servers offline! You can take a physical server offline

for maintenance without losing access to any of your virtual servers and their functions.

You can move resources in and out and around your pool as needed, and even auto-

matically. These are the sorts of things we will discuss in this book.

There are many companies that provide powerful and stable virtualization platforms,

but we have found VMware’s offerings to be wonderfully stable, flexible, easy to set

up, maintain, and well supported. We like VMware. If you are reading this book, you

probably do, too, but chances are you want to make better use of its potential than you

are doing now—either that, or you have been asked to set it up or maintain it and

you are wondering how to get started. Whatever your reason, if you use VMware at all,

we hope you will find this book useful and practical.

1.1 What Is VMware Infrastructure 5?

VMware, Inc., is a company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, with over 11,000+

employees and about 300,000 customers, including 100% of the Fortune 100. In 2007,

it had revenues of over $1.33 billion. In 2010, that number was up to $1.4 billion.

VMware is a rapidly growing company that began in 1998 and now has more than

300,000 customers and over 25,000 partnerships with companies ranging from some-

what small to extremely large.

2 | Chapter 1: VMware Infrastructure Installation

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VMware vSphere 5 is easily the most widely used virtualization platform today. It is

well tested and has been used in applications ranging from very small, localized instal-

lations with just a handful of servers to exceptionally large server farms in major cor-

porations. It is robust, scalable, easy to administer, and flexible. It is also small and

fast, which means the virtual installations running on top of it have more processor

power and other resources available to them than they would if they were using some

of the more resource-heavy virtualization software available.

Unlike some of the other hosted virtualization products you may be familiar with,

including the company’s well-known VMware server, VMware vSphere 5 does not re-

quire any other operating system. Most virtualization platforms begin with a Linux/

Unix, Mac OS X, or Windows platform; install their product on top of it; and then

begin segmenting the resources from there. This is how a developer may run a copy of

Windows on top of her laptop’s base installation of Linux, perhaps using a product

like VMware server, Xen, or VirtualBox. vSphere is designed to be installed on bare

metal, as the base operating system. This design choice eliminates a layer of software

between the virtual installations and the hardware and results in faster, smoother

performance.

1.2 What Is VMware vSphere 5.0?

In August 2011, VMware launched ESXi 5.0, which now falls under the vSphere 5.0

suite of products. vSphere 5.0 encapsulates both vCenter Server and ESXi 5.0, along

with other products that we don’t discuss in this book. This new release not only brings

incremental improvements, but also takes the virtualization platform to a whole new

level by letting you think in terms of complete installations or deployments instead of

managing your site server by server. It’s worth mentioning that ESXi 5.0 has some really

great features, such as:

• vSphere 5.0, which is now based on the ESXi platform, eliminating the old ESX

platform

• Updated Virtual Machine functionality, including more CPUs, RAM, support for

USB 3.0, and 3D graphics

• Support for OS X, larger file systems, 512 virtual machines per physical host, and

Metro vMotion

For a complete list of new features, please visit:

http://www.vmware.com/support/vsphere5/doc/vsphere-esx-vcenter-server-50-new

-features.html

Here are 10 features we feel are worth highlighting:

Metro vMotion

allows the end user to move a running virtual machine between

two physical locations when certain circumstances allow; there is a minimum of 5

1.2 What Is VMware vSphere 5.0? | 3

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ms latency between the two remote ESXi servers. However, the maximum latency

is supported up to 10 ms.

Improved SNMP support

vSphere 5 now allows you to convert CIM indications to SNMP traps. vSphere 5

supports a larger set of vendors and equipment, but we still recommend you check

with your vendor to ensure your vendor supports these features.

VMFS 5 filesystem

VMFS 5 will allow scaling up to 64TB per datastore using one extent. This is a

massive improvement over the VMFS 4 filesystem, which could only scale up to

2TB using one extent.

Storage distributed resource scheduler

Storage distributed resource scheduler (DRS) allows the storage system to take

advantage of resource aggregation, automated placement, and the ability to avoid

bottlenecks. By creating datastore clusters, you can create a load-balanced scenario

that allows the VMDK files to be placed on the storage system with less I/O load.

Enhanced network I/O control

Administrators can now create user-defined network resource pools, giving the

ability to create multitenant environments and the ability to bridge virtual and

physical infrastructures with QoS per resource using 802.1 tagging.

vSphere auto deploy

Administrators with large ESXi installations can simplify their deployments by

creating a set of rules. These rules can be used to upgrade ESXi versions by simply

rebooting the physical server.

Virtual machine hardware improvements

Virtual machines can now scale up to 32 virtual SMP processors and up to 1TB of

RAM. There is also support for 3D graphics, UEFI virtual BIOS, and USB support.

Physical node improvements

Physical hosts can now have up to 2TB of memory, 160 logical CPUs, and 512

virtual machines.

Distributed switch improvements

With the improvements in the vSphere 5 distributed switches, administrators now

have a deeper and more granular view into the virtual machine traffic using Net-

flow. Additional troubleshooting is now available via SPAN and LLDP.

Storage profiles

Allows for streamlining the storage provisioning process and allows for the

VMware administrator to mass scale the storage within the environment.

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