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首页IEEE Std 802.15.4-2020: 低速率无线网络标准详解
"IEEE Std 802.15.4-2020"是针对低速率无线网络的标准,由IEEE计算机学会的局域网/城域网标准委员会制定。这个标准详细规定了物理层(PHY)和媒介访问控制(MAC)子层的规范,适用于需要低数据速率无线连接的固定、便携式和移动设备,尤其考虑了电池寿命的限制。它还包含了支持精确测距的模式,并为不同地理区域的设备定义了多种PHY选项。该标准的最新修订版是2020年版,是对2015版的更新。
IEEE Std 802.15.4标准广泛应用于各种低功耗无线通信技术,如Zigbee、Thread以及无线传感器网络(WSN)。Zigbee是一种基于IEEE 802.15.4标准的网络协议,主要用于物联网(IoT)设备,提供自组织网络和低功耗通信。Thread则是一个开放的、基于IPv6的无线网络协议,同样基于802.15.4标准,旨在创建可靠、安全的家用物联网网络。
此标准中的物理层定义了不同的传输速率、频率范围和调制方法,以适应不同的应用环境。例如,它可能包括2.4 GHz频段,这是许多无线技术共用的频段,同时也可能包含其他频段,以支持全球范围内的部署。MAC子层则负责管理网络中的通信访问,包括信道接入、冲突避免和网络同步。
802.15.4标准的更新通常会引入新的功能、优化性能或者改进安全性。2020版可能包含了对旧版标准的增强,比如提升通信效率、增强网络安全性、改进设备间的互操作性,或者适应新的应用需求。
在实际应用中,IEEE Std 802.15.4通常被用于智能家居、工业自动化、环境监测、医疗健康等领域,因为它能够提供足够的连接性能,同时保持低功耗,非常适合那些需要长期运行而电池更换不便的设备。此外,其支持的精确测距功能对于定位服务和运动跟踪也非常重要。
IEEE Std 802.15.4-2020是无线通信领域的一个关键标准,它为构建高效、节能且灵活的低速率无线网络提供了基础架构,对推动物联网技术和相关应用的发展起到了至关重要的作用。
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Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
The current revision of the standard was revised to include six approved amendments subsequent to the 2015
revision. This effort added two more PHY amendments and one MAC amendment, with corrigenda and
clarifications. The features added by the amendments include the following:
— A variety of new PHY modulation, coding, and band options to support a wide variety of application
needs including smart utility networks (SUNs), china medical band (CMB), ternary amplitude shift
keying (TASK) and rate switch Gaussian frequency shift keying (RS-GFSK)
Much of the corrigenda and clarifications were collected from requests from individuals after the revision in
2015. Major corrigenda items included changes to the transmission order of the address field.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Nanjing University. Downloaded on August 10,2020 at 08:41:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Overview............................................................................................................................................ 33
1.1 Scope.......................................................................................................................................... 33
1.2 Purpose....................................................................................................................................... 33
2. Normative references......................................................................................................................... 34
3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations.......................................................................................... 35
3.1 Definitions ................................................................................................................................. 35
3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 36
4. Format conventions............................................................................................................................ 40
4.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 40
4.2 Fields.......................................................................................................................................... 40
4.3 Numbers..................................................................................................................................... 41
4.4 Strings ........................................................................................................................................ 41
4.5 Transmission order .................................................................................................................... 41
4.5.1 General......................................................................................................................... 41
4.5.2 Vendor OUI transmission order................................................................................... 42
4.6 Reserved fields and values......................................................................................................... 42
5. General description ............................................................................................................................ 43
5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 43
5.2 Special application spaces ......................................................................................................... 43
5.2.1 General......................................................................................................................... 43
5.2.2 Smart utility network (SUN)........................................................................................ 43
5.2.3 Rail communications and control (RCC)..................................................................... 43
5.2.4 Television white space (TVWS).................................................................................. 44
5.2.5 Radio frequency identification (RFID)........................................................................ 44
5.2.6 Low-energy, critical infrastructure monitoring (LECIM) ........................................... 44
5.2.7 Medical body area network (MBAN) services ............................................................ 44
5.2.8 China medical band (CMB)......................................................................................... 44
5.3 Components of the IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN................................................................................ 45
5.4 Multi-PHY management (MPM) of the SUN WPAN............................................................... 45
5.5 Network topologies.................................................................................................................... 45
5.5.1 General......................................................................................................................... 45
5.5.2 Star network formation ................................................................................................ 46
5.5.3 Peer-to-peer network formation................................................................................... 46
5.6 Architecture ............................................................................................................................... 47
5.6.1 General......................................................................................................................... 47
5.6.2 PHY ............................................................................................................................. 48
5.6.3 MAC sublayer.............................................................................................................. 49
5.7 Functional overview .................................................................................................................. 49
5.7.1 Superframe structure.................................................................................................... 49
5.7.2 Data transfer model...................................................................................................... 51
5.7.3 Frame structure ............................................................................................................52
5.7.4 Information element (IEs)............................................................................................ 52
5.7.5 Access methods............................................................................................................
52
5.7.6 Power consumption considerations ............................................................................. 53
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Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
5.7.7 Security ........................................................................................................................ 54
5.7.8 Enabling spectrum resource measurement capability.................................................. 55
5.8 Concept of primitives................................................................................................................. 56
6. MAC functional description .............................................................................................................. 57
6.1 Device types and conventions.................................................................................................... 57
6.2 Channel access........................................................................................................................... 57
6.2.1 Superframe structure.................................................................................................... 57
6.2.2 Incoming and outgoing superframe timing.................................................................. 59
6.2.3 Enhanced Beacon frame timing for MPM procedure.................................................. 60
6.2.4 IFS................................................................................................................................ 61
6.2.5 Random access methods .............................................................................................. 62
6.2.6 TSCH slotframe structure ............................................................................................ 69
6.2.7 LE functional description............................................................................................. 71
6.2.8 Superframe use for TMCTP operation ........................................................................ 71
6.2.9 Rail communications and control network (RCCN) superframe structure.................. 72
6.2.10 Channel hopping .......................................................................................................... 73
6.3 Starting and maintaining PANs ................................................................................................. 75
6.3.1 Scanning through channels .......................................................................................... 75
6.3.2 PAN ID conflict resolution .......................................................................................... 81
6.3.3 Starting and realigning a PAN ..................................................................................... 82
6.3.4 Beacon generation........................................................................................................ 84
6.3.5 Device discovery.......................................................................................................... 86
6.3.6 TSCH PAN formation ................................................................................................. 86
6.4 Association and disassociation .................................................................................................. 88
6.4.1 Association................................................................................................................... 88
6.4.2 Disassociation .............................................................................................................. 91
6.4.3 Fast association ............................................................................................................ 92
6.5 Synchronization ......................................................................................................................... 93
6.5.1 General......................................................................................................................... 93
6.5.2 Synchronization with beacons ..................................................................................... 93
6.5.3 Synchronization without beacons ................................................................................ 95
6.5.4 Synchronization in TSCH PAN................................................................................... 95
6.5.5 Orphaned device realignment ...................................................................................... 98
6.6 Transaction handling.................................................................................................................. 98
6.7 Transmission, reception, and acknowledgment....................................................................... 100
6.7.1 Transmission..............................................................................................................
100
6.7.2 Reception and rejection ............................................................................................. 101
6.7.3 Extracting pending data from a coordinator .............................................................. 103
6.7.4 Use of acknowledgments and retransmissions .......................................................... 104
6.7.5 Transmission timing restrictions................................................................................ 107
6.7.6 Guard time .................................................................................................................108
6.7.7 Promiscuous mode..................................................................................................... 109
6.7.8 Transmission scenarios .............................................................................................. 109
6.7.9 Device announcement................................................................................................ 111
6.8 GTS allocation and management............................................................................................. 111
6.8.1 GTS general requirements ......................................................................................... 111
6.8.2 CAP maintenance ...................................................................................................... 112
6.8.3 GTS allocation ........................................................................................................... 112
6.8.4 GTS usage..................................................................................................................113
6.8.5 GTS deallocation ....................................................................................................... 114
6.8.6 GTS reallocation ........................................................................................................ 115
6.8.7 GTS expiration........................................................................................................... 117
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Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
6.9 Ranging.................................................................................................................................... 117
6.9.1 Ranging requirements ................................................................................................ 117
6.9.2 Set-up activities before a ranging exchange .............................................................. 118
6.9.3 Finish-up activities after a ranging exchange ............................................................ 118
6.9.4 Managing DPS........................................................................................................... 118
6.9.5 The ranging exchange................................................................................................ 120
6.10 PHY parameter change notification procedure........................................................................ 120
6.10.1 Signaling using Beacon frames.................................................................................. 120
6.10.2 Signaling using multipurpose frames ........................................................................ 121
6.11 Deterministic and synchronous multichannel extension (DSME)........................................... 122
6.11.1 DSME command requirements.................................................................................. 122
6.11.2 DSME multi-superframe structure............................................................................. 122
6.11.3 Channel diversity ....................................................................................................... 124
6.11.4 CAP reduction............................................................................................................ 126
6.11.5 DSME GTS allocation and management................................................................... 127
6.11.6 Beacon scheduling ..................................................................................................... 133
6.11.7 Time synchronization ................................................................................................ 134
6.11.8 Deferred beacon......................................................................................................... 135
6.11.9 Passive channel scan.................................................................................................. 135
6.12 LE transmission, reception, and acknowledgment .................................................................. 136
6.12.1 LE transmission, reception, and acknowledgment with positive handshakes ........... 136
6.12.2 Coordinated sampled listening (CSL)........................................................................ 136
6.12.3 RIT ............................................................................................................................. 140
6.12.4 Implicit RIT (I-RIT)................................................................................................... 143
6.13 Starting and maintaining TMCTPs .......................................................................................... 143
6.14 MPM procedure for inter-PHY coexistence ............................................................................ 147
6.15 TVWS access procedures ........................................................................................................ 149
6.15.1 General....................................................................................................................... 149
6.15.2 Channel timing management (CTM)......................................................................... 150
6.16 Spectrum Resource Measurement (SRM) ............................................................................... 151
6.16.1 General....................................................................................................................... 151
6.16.2 SRM Performance Metrics ........................................................................................ 151
6.16.3 SRM functionality...................................................................................................... 157
6.17 Using Link Margin IE.............................................................................................................. 160
7. MAC frame formats......................................................................................................................... 161
7.1 Device extended address.......................................................................................................... 161
7.2 General MAC frame format.....................................................................................................161
7.2.1 General....................................................................................................................... 161
7.2.2 Frame Control field.................................................................................................... 162
7.2.3 Sequence Number field.............................................................................................. 165
7.2.4 Destination PAN ID field .......................................................................................... 166
7.2.5 Destination Address field........................................................................................... 166
7.2.6 Source PAN ID field.................................................................................................. 166
7.2.7 Source Address field.................................................................................................. 166
7.2.8 Auxiliary Security Header field................................................................................. 166
7.2.9 IE field ....................................................................................................................... 166
7.2.10 Frame Payload field ................................................................................................... 167
7.2.11 FCS field .................................................................................................................... 167
7.3 Format of individual frame types.............................................................................................169
7.3.1 Beacon frame format ................................................................................................. 169
7.3.2 Data frame format...................................................................................................... 173
7.3.3 Ack frame format....................................................................................................... 174
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Copyright © 2020 IEEE. All rights reserved.
7.3.4 MAC command frame format.................................................................................... 175
7.3.5 Multipurpose frame format........................................................................................ 176
7.3.6 Extended frame format .............................................................................................. 179
7.4 IEs ............................................................................................................................................ 179
7.4.1 IE list termination ...................................................................................................... 179
7.4.2 Header IEs.................................................................................................................. 180
7.4.3 Payload IEs ................................................................................................................197
7.4.4 Nested IE.................................................................................................................... 198
7.5 MAC commands ...................................................................................................................... 237
7.5.1 Command ID field ..................................................................................................... 237
7.5.2 Association Request command.................................................................................. 239
7.5.3 Association Response command ............................................................................... 240
7.5.4 Disassociation Notification command ....................................................................... 241
7.5.5 Data Request command ............................................................................................. 242
7.5.6 PAN ID Conflict Notification command ................................................................... 243
7.5.7 Orphan Notification command .................................................................................. 243
7.5.8 Beacon Request command......................................................................................... 243
7.5.9 Enhanced Beacon Request command ........................................................................ 243
7.5.10 Coordinator Realignment command.......................................................................... 244
7.5.11 GTS request command............................................................................................... 245
7.5.12 DSME Association Request command...................................................................... 246
7.5.13 DSME Association Response command ................................................................... 247
7.5.14 DSME GTS Request command ................................................................................. 249
7.5.15 DSME GTS Response command............................................................................... 251
7.5.16 DSME GTS Notify command.................................................................................... 253
7.5.17 DSME Information Request command...................................................................... 254
7.5.18 DSME Information Response command ................................................................... 254
7.5.19 DSME Beacon Allocation Notification command .................................................... 255
7.5.20 DSME Beacon Collision Notification command....................................................... 256
7.5.21 DSME Link Report command ................................................................................... 256
7.5.22 RIT Data Request command...................................................................................... 257
7.5.23 DBS Request command ............................................................................................. 258
7.5.24 DBS Response command........................................................................................... 259
7.5.25 RIT Data Response command ................................................................................... 260
7.5.26 SRM Request command ............................................................................................ 260
7.5.27 SRM Response command.......................................................................................... 262
7.5.28 SRM Report command .............................................................................................. 262
7.5.29 SRM Information command ...................................................................................... 263
7.5.30 Vendor Specific command......................................................................................... 264
8. MAC services ................................................................................................................................. 265
8.1 Overview.................................................................................................................................. 265
8.2 MAC management service.......................................................................................................265
8.2.1 Primitives supported by the MLME-SAP interface................................................... 265
8.2.2 Common requirements for MLME primitives........................................................... 267
8.2.3 Association primitives ............................................................................................... 268
8.2.4 Disassociation primitives ........................................................................................... 275
8.2.5 Communications notification primitives ................................................................... 278
8.2.6 Primitives for reading and writing PIB attributes ...................................................... 285
8.2.7 GTS management primitives ..................................................................................... 288
8.2.8 Primitives for orphan notification.............................................................................. 291
8.2.9 Primitives for resetting the MAC sublayer ................................................................ 293
8.2.10 Primitives for specifying the receiver enable time .................................................... 294
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