游戏编程精粹8：图形、物理、AI与多平台技术探索

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"编程精粹8(英文版)-详细书签版" 是一本汇集了游戏开发领域专业知识的书籍，由Adam Lake编辑，包含了多个部分，涵盖图形、物理与动画、AI、一般编程、网络和多人游戏、音频以及GPU通用计算等多个关键领域的技术精华。在【图形】部分，书中探讨了实时图形技术的最新进展，如Larrabee、PlayStation 3和DirectX 11计算着色器的应用。此外，业界领先的开发者分享了如何利用这些技术创造出高质量的视觉效果。章节内容包括快速字体渲染、屏幕空间环境光遮蔽、多分辨率延迟着色、视锥体剔除技术、基于DirectX 11计算着色器的环境光遮蔽、不规则阴影映射的像素抗锯齿方法、可编程图形硬件上的重叠执行以及SPU上的有效顶点和片段着色技巧。【物理与动画】部分则深入讲解了角色动画和物理模拟的技术。涵盖了灵活的人脸模型、无缝角色动画路径、非迭代逆向动力学解算器、粒子群优化在游戏编程中的应用、改进的数值积分技术、三维空气和流体阻力模型、拟流体动力学在任意封闭网格中的应用以及用于实时碰撞检测的近似凸分解方法。【AI】部分关注游戏智能，涉及大型世界中的AI层次细节、模块化AI的模式化方法、基于增长技术的自动导航网格生成、动物和代理导航的空间架构、控制理论在游戏AI和物理中的应用、第一人称射击游戏中自适应战术选择、混沌理论在生成看似不可预测性系统中的应用、需求驱动的AI、情感数字演员的框架、可扩展的对话创作以及MMORPG玩家行为分析的数据挖掘。【一般编程】部分涵盖了多核心编程的效率和可扩展性、内存和数据访问优化的游戏优化策略、堆栈分配、游戏内内存分析器的设计与实现、更详尽的错误日志生成器、代码覆盖率用于质量保证、游戏引擎中的领域特定语言、适应不同环境的灵活用户界面布局系统、投影地形网格的道路创建、数字绘图板的开发以及使用Intel Threading Building Blocks构建的多线程actor-based架构。【网络和多人游戏】部分讨论了安全通道通信、游戏中社交网络的整合、可扩展游戏服务器的异步I/O以及大型多人在线游戏的3D流媒体技术介绍。【音频】部分包含实用的DSP电台效果、强大的音频引擎赋能音频团队以及刚体的实时声音合成技术。【GPU通用计算】部分介绍了使用OpenCL利用异构并行架构以及在Batman: Arkham Asylum中使用PhysX GPU刚体以及快速GPU流体模拟。此书为游戏开发者提供了丰富的技术参考和实践指导，有助于提升游戏开发的专业技能。

SECTION

GRAPHICS

Introduction

Jason Mitchell, Valve

jason@pixelmaven.com

n this edition of the Game Programming Gems series, we explore a wide range of

important real-time graphics topics, from lynchpin systems such as font rendering

to cutting-edge hardware architectures, such as Larrabee, PlayStation 3, and the DirectX

11 compute shader. Developers in the trenches at top industry studios such as Blizzard,

id, Bizarre Creations, Nexon, and Intel’s Advanced Visual Computing group share

their insights on optimally exploiting graphics hardware to create high-quality visuals

for games.

To kick off this section, Aurelio Reis of id Software compares several methods for

accelerating font rendering by exploiting GPU instancing, settling on a constant-

buffer-based method that achieves the best performance.

We then move on to two chapters discussing the popular image-space techniques

of Screen Space Ambient Occlusion (SSAO) and deferred shading. Dominic Filion of

Blizzard Entertainment discusses the SSAO algorithms used in StarCraft II, including

novel controls that allowed Blizzard’s artists to tune the look of the effect to suit their

vision. Hyunwoo Ki of Nexon then describes a multi-resolution acceleration method for

deferred shading that computes low-frequency lighting information at a lower spatial

frequency and uses a novel method for handling high-frequency edge cases.

1.1

Fast Font Rendering

with Instancing

Aurelio Reis, id Software

AurelioReis@gmail.com

ont rendering is an essential component of almost all interactive applications, and

while techniques exist to allow for fully scalable vector-based font rendering using

modern GPUs, the so-called “bitmap font” is still the most versatile, efficient, and

easy-to-implement solution. When implemented on typical graphics APIs, however,

this technique uses run-time updated vertex buffers to store per-glyph geometry, resulting

in inefficient rendering performance by potentially stalling the graphics pipeline. By

leveraging efficient particle system rendering techniques that were developed previously,

it is possible to render thousands of glyphs in a single batch without ever touching the

vertex buffer.

In this article, I propose a simple and efficient method to render fonts utilizing

modern graphics hardware when compared to other similar methods. This technique

is also useful in that it can be generalized for use in rendering other 2D elements, such

as sprites and graphical user interface (GUI) elements.

Text-Rendering Basics

The most common font format is the vector-based TrueType format. This format rep-

resents font glyphs (in other words, alphabetic characters and other symbols) as vector

data, specifically, quadratic Bezier curves and line segments. As a result, TrueType fonts

are compact, easy to author, and scale well with different display resolutions. The

downside of a vector font, however, is that it is not straightforward to directly render

this type of data on graphics hardware. There are, however, a few different ways to

map the vector representation to a form that graphics hardware can render.

One way is to generate geometry directly from the vector curves, as shown in

Figure 1.1.1. However, while modern GPUs are quite efficient at rendering large num-

bers of triangles, the number of polygons generated from converting a large number

of complex vector curves to a triangle mesh could number in the tens of thousands.

This increase in triangle throughput can greatly decrease application performance.

To draw glyphs for a bitmap font, the program must bind the texture page matching

the intended glyph set and draw a quad for each glyph, taking into account spacing

for kerning or other character-related offsets. While this technique yields very good

performance, it can still be inefficient, as the buffers containing the geometry for each

batch of glyphs must be continually updated. Constantly touching these buffers is a

sure way to cause GPU stalls, resulting in decreased performance. For text- or GUI-

heavy games, this can lead to an unacceptable overall performance hit.

Improving Performance

One way to draw the glyphs for the GUI is to create a GUI model that maintains

buffers on the graphics card for drawing a predefined maximum number of indexed

triangles as quads. Whenever a new glyph is to be drawn, its quad is inserted into a

list, and the vertex buffer for the model is eventually updated with the needed geom-

etry at a convenient point in the graphics pipeline. When the time comes to render

the GUI model, assuming the same texture page is used, only a single draw call is

required. As previously mentioned, this buffer must be updated each frame and for

each draw batch that must be drawn. Ideally, as few draw batches as possible are

needed, as the font texture page should contain all the individual glyphs that would

need to be rendered, but on occasion (such as for high-resolution fonts or Asian fonts

with many glyphs), it’s not possible to fit them all on one page. In the situation where

a font glyph must be rendered from a different page, the batch is broken and must be

presented immediately so that a new one can be started with the new texture. This

holds true for any unique rendering states that a glyph may hold, such as blending

modes or custom shaders.

Lock-Discard

The slowest part of the process is when the per-glyph geometry must be uploaded to

the graphics card. Placing the buffer memory as close to AGP memory as possible (using

API hints) helps, but locking and unlocking vertex buffers can still be quite expensive.

To alleviate the expense, it is possible to use a buffer that is marked to “discard” its

existing buffer if the GPU is currently busy with it. By telling the API to discard the

existing buffer, a new one is created, which can be written to immediately. Eventually,

the old buffer is purged by the API under the covers. This use of lock-discard prevents

the CPU from waiting on the GPU to finish consuming the buffer (for example, in

the case where it was being rendered at the same time). You can specify this with the

D3DLOCK_DISCARD flag in Direct3D or by passing a NULL pointer to glBufferDataARB

and then calling glMapBufferARB(). Be aware that although this is quite an improvement,

it is still not an ideal solution, as the entire buffer must be discarded. Essentially, this

makes initiating a small update to the buffer impossible.

1.1 Fast Font Rendering with Instancing 5

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