HTML5开发者宝典：权威指南与实用教程

HTML5

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Contents xv

The Media API 192

INTERMEDIATE RECIPE:

Creating a Beat Mixer 193

ADVANCED RECIPE:

Adding Streaming Radio 197

Summary 206

9 Changing Browser History 207

History Basics 207

Browser Compatibility 208

BEGINNER RECIPE:

Adding to History with pushState 208

BEGINNER RECIPE:

Creating an Image Viewer 211

INTERMEDIATE RECIPE:

Popping State in the Image Viewer 214

BEGINNER RECIPE:

Changing History with replaceState 216

INTERMEDIATE RECIPE:

Changing the Page History 218

ADVANCED RECIPE:

Using Advanced State Data Objects to Pass Information

Across Pages 221

INTERMEDIATE RECIPE:

Testing History Security 225

Helpful Libraries 228

Summary 228

10 Location Awareness with the Geolocation API 231

Geolocation Overview 231

Browser Compatibility 232

Where in the World: getCurrentPosition 233

BEGINNER RECIPE:

Determining Your Location with a Simple

getCurrentPosition 233

Location Privacy 237

INTERMEDIATE RECIPE:

Mapping a Location with getCurrentPosition 237

INTERMEDIATE RECIPE:

Determining Distance with PositionOptions 243

ptg999

Introduction

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a core language for creating and structur-

ing web pages. For more than 20 years developers have been writing HTML, and for

the first few years the language underwent radical changes, but in the late 1990s things

slowed down a bit. Until now.

A Brief History of HTML

In 1991 Sir Tim Berners-Lee wrote a document called “HTML Tags,” which

described 20 elements that would be used for writing web documents. By mid-1993

the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) had published a proposal for the first

HTML specification. The proposal draft expired, and it was not until November 1995

that the first specification was published: not HTML 1.0, but HTML 2.0.

HTML 3.2 was released in 1997, and this was followed up by HTML 4, published

in 1998. HTML 4 had three variations: Strict, Transitional, and Frameset. During

this period, browser vendors, such as Microsoft and Netscape, started implementing

HTML in slightly different ways, and we had our first round of browser wars (http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_wars).

XHTML

After the release of HTML 4, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) decided to

stop the evolution and development of HTML and work on Extensible Hypertext

Markup Language (XHTML) 1.0, an XML-based language that was considered the

future of the Internet. There were no new elements in XHTML—in fact, the specifi-

cation was the same as HTML 4—but developers had to conform to new syntax rules:

Tags had to be closed, or self-closed, and attributes had to be quoted. This required

stricter, tighter coding standards and ensured that developers would be using a single

style of writing. Around this time in 2001, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) started

becoming more prominent and popular, and with the rise of blogging, the increased

awareness of web standards was significant.

Beginning in 2002, the W3C released drafts of XHTML 1.1. While XHTML 1

was essentially HTML with a splash of XML, XHTML 1.1 was essentially XML.

Although it was supposed to be more forward-thinking, it was not backward compat-

ible, so if it was used in website development, the website would not work in current

and older browsers.

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