超宽检测范围折射率传感器：基于PCF的SPR设计

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"基于PCF的超宽检测范围折射率传感器设计" 文章标题指出的是一种基于光子晶体光纤（PCF）的表面等离子体共振（SPR）传感器，其特点是具有超宽的检测范围。在光学传感器领域，表面等离子体共振技术因其高灵敏度和对环境变化的敏感性而被广泛研究。这种传感器的设计是为了解决传统折射率传感器检测范围有限的问题，以适应更广泛的检测应用。描述中提到的"表面等离子体"是指在金属与介质界面处形成的电荷振荡现象，当光波与这些电荷振荡相互作用时，会产生共振，这就是表面等离子体共振。在本研究中，表面等离子体被用来增强光纤中的光场，从而提高对周围介质折射率变化的敏感性。标签“表面等离子体”进一步强调了文章的核心技术，即利用金属表面的等离子体振荡来实现对折射率的探测。在文章的部分内容中，我们可以看到作者进行了详细的仿真分析，探讨了不同结构参数对传感器性能的影响。他们特别提到了将光纤中央的空气孔注入分析物，这样可以更直接地使传感器与待测介质接触。仿真结果显示，提出的传感器具有从1.29到1.49的超宽检测范围，这意味着它能够检测到各种折射率的物质，这在生物医学、环境监测和化学分析等领域有着巨大的潜力。对于不同极化的核心模式，文章也给出了其对应的折射率灵敏度。x-偏振模式的灵敏度为-4156.82nm/RIU，y-偏振模式的灵敏度为-3703.64nm/RIU。这些数值表明，即使在不同的入射光极化状态下，传感器仍能保持较高的灵敏度，这是传感器设计的一个重要优势。这项研究展示了基于PCF的SPR传感器在拓宽检测范围方面的显著进步，通过优化结构参数，实现了对折射率变化的高度敏感。这种传感器不仅提高了检测精度，还扩大了应用领域，有望成为未来光学传感器技术的一个重要发展方向。

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

Abstract—An ultra-wide detection range refractive-index

sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with photonic

crystal fiber (PCF) is designed and discussed. The central air-hole

of the fiber is injected with the analyte. The properties of

refractive-index sensor are investigated with different structure

parameters. Simulation results show that the proposed sensor has

an ultra-wide detection range from 1.29 to 1.49. The refractive

index sensitivities of x-polarized and y-polarized core mode are

-4156.82 nm/RIU and -3703.64 nm/RIU respectively, and the

corresponding linear fitting degrees are 0.99598 and 0.99236. The

designed refractive-index sensor with ultra-wide detection range

has a great potential in the fields of biology, chemistry,

environment and medicine.

Index Terms—Refractive index sensor, Surface plasmon

resonance, Photonic crystal fiber.

I. INTRODUCTION

S a basic property of matter, refractive index detection

has many applications in water quality monitoring,

concentration measurement, food quality control and industrial

production. Up to now, many effective approaches have been

proposed for achieving the measurement of the refractive index,

such as using Fabry-Perot structure [1],

polarization-maintaining fiber [2], fiber Bragg grating [3] and

long-period fiber grating [4]. However, these methods still have

the problem that needs to be solved in low refractive-index

sensitivity, narrow refractive-index detection rang and so on.

It has been proved that Surface plasmon wave (SPW) can be

used to enhance the sensitivity by forming electromagnetic

oscillation on the surface of metal [5]. When the incident wave

transmits at the certain wavelength range and the near-field

wave vector equals to the SPW wave vector, the resonance will

occur. As a result, the energy of incident light is coupled to the

SPW wave, and the loss of guide light shows a sharp increase at

the resonant wavelength. Considering that the change of the

refractive index in the external environment has an effect on the

SPW wave vector, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be



This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China.

(973 Program) (Grant number: 2010CB327801), the National Natural Science

Foundation of China (Grant number: 10874128). (Corresponding author: Ying

Lu) and the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (Grant No.

18JCQNJC71200）.

The authors are with the College of Precision Instrument and

Opto-Electronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics

Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin

300072, China (e-mail: guangyao_wang@126.com; luying@tju.edu.cn;

dlc@tju.edu.cn; jqyao@tju.edu.cn).

employed to construct refractive-index sensors. Early SPR

refractive index sensors are mainly based on prism coupling

[6-8]. However, due to the large size, their applications are

limited. In order to promote the miniaturization, some

refractive-index sensors based on fiber-coupled SPR

subsequently appear [9-11]. Though the sizes of these sensors

are reduced, the detection range still needs to improve.

Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a wavelength-scale

periodic microstructure running along their length [12-14]

possesses unique properties and flexible designs. Compared to

the traditional SPR refractive-index sensors, the PCF-based

SPR sensors can improve the detection range effectively. The

earliest PCF-based SPR sensor was proposed by Hassani et al.

in 2006 [15]. The authors analysed the coupling mechanism

between fundamental modes of the microstructured fiber and

SPWs in details. It proves the correctness and feasibility of this

method. In 2012, Shuai et al. proposed and numerically

analysed a multi-core PCF-SPR sensor [16]. The results

showed that both of phase matching and loss matching played a

key role in the coupling process between fundamental modes

and plasmon modes. The refractive-index sensitivities were

2929.39nm/RIU and 9231nm/RIU in the detection range from

1.33 to 1.42 and from 1.43 to 1.53, respectively. This report

layed a foundation for wide range measurement of PCF-SPR

sensors. Subsequently, for the convenience of detection,

researchers proposed a D-type PCF-SPR sensor with one end

flattened. In 2016, we designed a D-shaped PCF refractive

index sensor based on SPR [17]. An average sensitivity of

12450 nm/RIU was obtained, when the external refractive

index changes from 1.345 to 1.410. In 2018, An et al. proposed

an ultra-stable D-shaped optical fiber refractive index sensor

with graphene-gold deposited platform [18]. A maximum

wavelength sensitivity of 4391 nm/RIU was achieved in the

refractive index range from 1.33 to 1.39. Although the

sensitivities of the sensors mentioned above are large enough,

the refractive index detection ranges are small, which still

limits the application of sensors.

In this paper, we propose an ultra-wide detection range

refractive-index sensor based on PCF. The air holes in the

cladding have a triangle lattice, and the air hole in the centre of

fiber core is used to inject the liquid to be tested. In order to

obtain a wider detection-range and a higher sensitivity, we

discuss the properties of PCFs with two gold-filled air holes

and two gold-coated air holes. The results illustrate that when

there are two gold-filled air holes in the y direction and two big

air holes in the x direction, the widest detection range is

A refractive index sensor based on PCF with

ultra-wide detection range

Guangyao Wang, Ying Lu, Liangcheng Duan, Jianquan Yao

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