深入理解PHP扩展与嵌入

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"《Extending and Embedding PHP》是由Sara Golemon撰写的一本专著，该书详细探讨了PHP的扩展与嵌入技术，是深入理解PHP开发的宝贵资料。出版日期为2006年5月30日，由Sams出版社发行，ISBN编号包括Print ISBN-10: 0-672-32704-X和Print ISBN-13: 978-0-672-32704-9，全书共456页，包含详细的目录和索引。" PHP作为一门强大的Web开发语言，自推出以来迅速发展，被广泛应用于超过1400万个网站。随着其稳定性和可扩展性的提升，开发者对于如何编写PHP扩展以及优化PHP应用性能的需求日益增加。然而，关于如何扩展PHP的官方文档却相对匮乏，导致开发者在探索PHP内部机制时，常常依赖于口口相传和自我摸索，这在学习更高级特性时尤为困难。本书《Extending and Embedding PHP》旨在解决这个问题，作者Sara Golemon旨在让每一个PHP开发者都能够掌握编写扩展的技术。书中不仅涵盖了基础的扩展编写知识，还深入讲解了PHP的内部工作机制，这对于处理高流量网站常见的性能优化问题尤其关键。通过阅读此书，开发者可以无需雇佣昂贵的专业开发者，就能自行提升PHP应用的性能和功能。 PHP的扩展技术主要包括以下几个方面： 1. **扩展API理解**：学习如何使用PHP的C语言接口，如zend_API，来创建新的函数、类、对象和其他语言结构。 2. **内存管理**：理解PHP如何分配和释放内存，以及如何在扩展中有效地管理资源。 3. **类型系统**：了解PHP的变量类型，如字符串、数组、对象等，以及如何在扩展中实现这些类型。 4. **错误处理与异常**：学习如何在扩展中处理错误和异常，以提供健壮的代码。 5. **ZEND引擎交互**：掌握与PHP的ZEND引擎进行交互的方法，以便更高效地执行任务。 6. **性能优化**：探索如何通过优化C代码来提高PHP应用的运行速度。 7. **模块编译与安装**：学习如何编译和安装自定义的PHP扩展，使其成为PHP环境的一部分。 8. **PECL和PEAR**：了解如何利用PHP扩展社区（如PECL）和PHP包管理器（如PEAR）来获取和分享扩展。 9. **多线程与并发**：对于支持多线程或并发的PHP环境，学习如何编写线程安全的扩展。 10. **调试与测试**：掌握扩展的调试技巧，如使用Xdebug等工具，确保代码质量。通过这本书，开发者不仅能学习到PHP扩展的基础知识，还能深入了解PHP的内部工作原理，从而提升他们的编程能力和解决问题的能力。无论是为了提升现有项目的技术栈，还是为了满足对技术更深层次的探索，这本书都是一份不可多得的参考资料。

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Chapter 1. The PHP Life Cycle

N A COMMON WEB SERVER ENVIRONMENT, YOU'LL NEVER

explicitly start the PHP interpreter; you'll start Apache or some

other web server that will load PHP and process scripts as neededthat is, as

.php

documents are requested.

Starting Up and Shutting Down

This startup and shutdown process happens in two separate

startup phases and two separate shutdown phases.

One cycle is for the PHP interpreter as a whole to perform an initial setup of structures and values that will persist

for the life of the SAPI. The second is for transient settings that only last as long as a single page request.

During the initial startup, before any request has been made, PHP calls every extension's

MINIT

(Module Initialization)

method. Here, extensions are expected to declare constants, define classes, and register resource, stream, and

filter handlers that all future script requests will use. Features such as these, which are designed to exist across all

requests, are referred to as being

persistent

A common

MINIT

method might look like the following:

/* Initialize the myextension module

* This will happen immediately upon SAPI startup

PHP_MINIT_FUNCTION(myextension)

{

/* Globals: Chapter 12 */

#ifdef ZTS

ts_allocate_id(&myextension_globals_id,

sizeof(php_myextension_globals),

(ts_allocate_ctor) myextension_globals_ctor,

(ts_allocate_dtor) myextension_globals_dtor);

#else

myextension_globals_ctor(&myextension_globals TSRMLS_CC);

#endif

/* REGISTER_INI_ENTRIES() refers to a global

* structure that will be covered in

* Chapter 13 "INI Settings"

REGISTER_INI_ENTRIES();

/* define('MYEXT_MEANING', 42); */

REGISTER_LONG_CONSTANT("MYEXT_MEANING", 42, CONST_CS | CONST_PERSISTENT);

/* define('MYEXT_FOO', 'bar'); */

REGISTER_STRING_CONSTANT("MYEXT_FOO", "bar", CONST_CS | CONST_PERSISTENT);

/* Resources: chapter 9 */

le_myresource = zend_register_list_destructors_ex(

php_myext_myresource_dtor, NULL,

"My Resource Type", module_number);

le_myresource_persist = zend_register_list_destructors_ex(

NULL, php_myext_myresource_dtor,

"My Resource Type", module_number);

/* Stream Filters: Chapter 16 */

if (FAILURE == php_stream_filter_register_factory("myfilter",

&php_myextension_filter_factory TSRMLS_CC)) {

return FAILURE;

}

/* Stream Wrappers: Chapter 15 */

if (FAILURE == php_register_url_stream_wrapper ("myproto",

&php_myextension_stream_wrapper TSRMLS_CC)) {

return FAILURE;

}

/* Autoglobals: Chapter 12 */

#ifdef ZEND_ENGINE_2

if (zend_register_auto_global("_MYEXTENSION", sizeof("_MYEXTENSION") - 1,

NULL TSRMLS_CC) == FAILURE) {

return FAILURE;

}

zend_auto_global_disable_jit ("_MYEXTENSION", sizeof("_MYEXTENSION") - 1

TSRMLS_CC);

#else

if (zend_register_auto_global("_MYEXTENSION", sizeof("_MYEXTENSION") - 1

TSRMLS_CC) == FAILURE) {

return FAILURE;

}

#endif

return SUCCESS;

}

After a request has been made, PHP sets up an operating environment including a symbol table (where variables are

stored) and synchronizes per

directory configuration values. PHP then loops through its extensions again, this time

calling each one's

RINIT

(Request Initialization) method. Here, an extension may reset global variables to default

values, prepopulate variables into the script's symbol table, or perform other tasks such as logging the page request

to a file.

RINIT

can be thought of as a kind of

auto_prepend_file

directive for all scripts requested.

RINIT

method might be expected to look like this:

/* Run at the start of every page request

PHP_RINIT_FUNCTION(myextension)

{

zval *myext_autoglobal;

/* Initialize the autoglobal variable

* declared in the MINIT function

* as an empty array.

* This is equivalent to performing:

* $_MYEXTENSION = array();

ALLOC_INIT_ZVAL(myext_autoglobal);

array_init(myext_autoglobal);

zend_hash_add(&EG(symbol_table), "_MYEXTENSION", sizeof("_MYEXTENSION") - 1,

(void**)&myext_autoglobal, sizeof(zval*), NULL);

return SUCCESS;

}

After a request has completed processing, either by reaching the end of the script file or by exiting through a

die()

exit()

statement, PHP starts the cleanup process by calling each extension's

RSHUTDOWN

(Request

Shutdown)

method.

RSHUTDOWN

corresponds to

auto_append_file

in much the same was as

RINIT

corresponds to

auto_prepend_file

. The most important difference between

RSHUTDOWN

and

auto_append_file

, however, is that

RSHUTDOWN

will always be executed, whereas a call to

die()

exit()

inside the userspace script will skip any

auto_append_file

Any last minute tasks that need to be performed can be handled in

RSHUTDOWN

before the symbol table and other

resources are destroyed. After all

RSHUTDOWN

methods have completed, every variable in the symbol table is implicitly

unset()

, during which all non

persistent resource and object destructors are called in order to free resources

gracefully.

/* Run at the end of every page request

PHP_RSHUTDOWN_FUNCTION(myextension)

{

zval **myext_autoglobal;

if (zend_hash_find(&EG(symbol_table), "_MYEXTENSION", sizeof("_MYEXTENSION"),

(void**)&myext_autoglobal) == SUCCESS) {

/* Do something meaningful

* with the values of the

* $_MYEXTENSION array

php_myextension_handle_values(myext_autoglobal TSRMLS_CC);

}

return SUCCESS;

}

Finally, when all requests have been fulfilled and the web server or other SAPI is ready to shut down, PHP loops

through each extension's

MSHUTDOWN

(Module Shutdown) method. This is an extension's last chance to unregister

handlers and free persistent memory allocated during the

MINIT

cycle.

/* This module is being unloaded

* constants and functions will be

* automatically purged,

* persistent resources, class entries,

* and stream handlers must be

* manually unregistered.

PHP_MSHUTDOWN_FUNCTION(myextension)

{

UNREGISTER_INI_ENTRIES();

php_unregister_url_stream_wrapper ("myproto" TSRMLS_CC);

php_stream_filter_unregister_factory ("myfilter" TSRMLS_CC);

return SUCCESS;

}

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