QSFP+ 10Gbs 4X Transceiver SFF-8436 规范详解

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"SFF委员会发布的SFF-8436规范详细定义了QSFP+ 10 Gbps 4X可插拔收发器的电气、光学和机械特性。该文档旨在为系统制造商、系统集成商和驱动供应商提供通用标准,并计划取代INF-8438,增加了对10 Gbps数据速率的支持并更新了机械规格。此规范是SFF委员会内部工作文档,公开接受读者的评论和建议,以供未来修订时参考。" QSFP+(quad small form-factor pluggable plus)是一种高速光模块接口标准,用于数据中心和电信网络中的高密度光纤连接。SFF-8436规范是QSFP+ 10 Gbps 4X可插拔收发器的详细技术标准,由SFF委员会制定,该委员会是一个业界自发组织。这个规范的发布是为了确保不同供应商的QSFP+模块和直接连接电缆之间的互操作性。 1. **电气特性**:SFF-8436规范详细规定了收发器在10 Gbps数据速率下的电气性能。这包括信号完整性、电源电压、电流消耗、电磁兼容性(EMC)以及接口的电气接口标准,如LVDS(低压差分信号)等。 2. **光学特性**:在光学部分,规范涵盖了光源类型(例如,激光二极管或垂直腔面发射激光器)、光功率预算、光接收灵敏度、光学接口的反射和串扰控制,以及光通道的质量和稳定性要求。 3. **机械特性**:机械特性涉及到模块的物理尺寸、插拔接口、热插拔能力、散热设计、机械耐久性和环境适应性,确保模块能在各种温度、湿度和振动条件下稳定工作。 4. **兼容性与互操作性**:SFF-8436规范旨在确保不同制造商的QSFP+模块能无缝工作在相同的标准系统中,减少了系统集成的复杂性和成本。 5. **标准化过程**:作为一项公开的行业标准,SFF-8436允许公众审查和提出反馈,以不断改进和完善。这种开放的流程有助于推动技术进步,确保规范的全面性和前瞻性。 6. **支持成员**:SFF委员会的成员公司支持并遵循这个规范,这意味着这些公司在其产品开发中会按照SFF-8436的要求来设计和测试QSFP+模块,从而保证了市场的广泛接受和互操作性。 SFF-8436规范对于QSFP+ 10 Gbps 4X可插拔收发器的标准化和广泛应用起到了关键作用,促进了高速网络通信设备的快速发展和兼容性。随着技术的进步,这个规范也将不断更新,以适应更高的数据速率和新的应用场景。

用代码解决这个问题The program committee of the school programming contests, which are often held at the Ural State University, is a big, joyful, and united team. In fact, they are so united that the time spent together at the university is not enough for them, so they often visit each other at their homes. In addition, they are quite athletic and like walking. Once the guardian of the traditions of the sports programming at the Ural State University decided that the members of the program committee spent too much time walking from home to home. They could have spent that time inventing and preparing new problems instead. To prove that, he wanted to calculate the average distance that the members of the program committee walked when they visited each other. The guardian took a map of Yekaterinburg, marked the houses of all the members of the program committee there, and wrote down their coordinates. However, there were so many coordinates that he wasn't able to solve that problem and asked for your help. The city of Yekaterinburg is a rectangle with the sides parallel to the coordinate axes. All the streets stretch from east to west or from north to south through the whole city, from one end to the other. The house of each member of the program committee is located strictly at the intersection of two orthogonal streets. It is known that all the members of the program committee walk only along the streets, because it is more pleasant to walk on sidewalks than on small courtyard paths. Of course, when walking from one house to another, they always choose the shortest way. All the members of the program committee visit each other equally often. Input The first line contains the number n of members of the program committee (2 ≤ n ≤ 105). The i-th of the following n lines contains space-separated coordinates xi, yi of the house of the i-th member of the program committee (1 ≤ xi, yi ≤ 106). All coordinates are integers. Output Output the average distance, rounded down to an integer, that a member of the program committee walks from his house to the house of his colleague.

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