Fortran 2003语言手册：科学与工程计算的基石

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《Fortran 2003手册》是一本详细介绍Fortran编程语言最新版本——Fortran 2003的权威指南。Fortran作为历史悠久的语言，自诞生以来在科学和工程计算领域占据了主导地位。它是早期广泛使用的“高级”语言之一，也是首个被标准化的编程语言。其特性在于，尽管历经多次升级，但新版本几乎都是向后兼容的，旧的程序可以在新的编译器下继续运行。本书由多位专家合著，包括Jeanne C. Adams、Walter S. Brainerd、Richard A. Hendrickson、Richard E. Maine、Jeanne T. Martin和Brian T. Smith，他们分别来自国家大气研究中心、The Fortran Company（位于美国亚利桑那州图森）、Spackman&Hendrickson公司（明尼苏达州）、NASA Dryden实验室、已退休的劳伦斯·利弗莫尔国家实验室以及新墨西哥大学。本书提供了完整的语法、功能和程序设计细节，旨在帮助读者理解和掌握Fortran 2003的所有特性。章节一开始，作者通过回顾相关背景知识和介绍用于指定Fortran 2003语法规则的符号表示法，为学习者设置了清晰的学习路径。本书不仅适合已经熟悉Fortran基础的程序员，也对那些希望了解或更新到最新标准的工程师和技术人员来说是不可或缺的参考资料。书中深入探讨了Fortran 2003的新特性，如并行编程、面向对象编程、模块化、数组处理、子程序和函数的改进、字符串处理、异常处理等现代编程技术。此外，它还涵盖了性能优化、内存管理和代码调试等方面，确保用户能够充分利用这一语言进行高效且精确的数值计算。对于任何从事科学计算或工程计算的人来说，《Fortran 2003手册》是一本重要的工具书，可以帮助他们在日益变化的软件环境中保持竞争力，同时保持对语言长期稳定性的信任。通过阅读这本书，读者将获得对Fortran 2003的全面理解，从而能够编写出高效、可靠和可维护的代码。

Introduction 5

7. the way values are represented and the way numeric values are computed

8. the physical representation of data

9. the characteristics of disks and other storage media

1.2.1 Program Conformance to the Standard

A program conforms to the standard if the statements are all syntactically correct, exe-

cution of the program causes no violations of the standard (e.g., referencing an element

outside the bounds of an array), and the input data is all in the correct form. A pro-

gram that uses a vendor extension is not standard conforming and may not be porta-

ble. In particular, a program that uses intrinsic procedures or modules provided by the

vendor is not standard conforming.

1.2.2 Processor Conformance to the Standard

In the Fortran 2003 standard, the term “processor” means the combination of a Fortran

compiler and the computing system that executes the code. A processor conforms to

the standard if it correctly processes any standard-conforming program, provided the

Fortran program is not too large or complex for the computer system in question. Ex-

cept for certain restrictions in format specifications, the processor must be able to flag

any nonstandard syntax (described by the syntax rules and constraints) used in the

program. This includes the capability to flag any extensions available in the vendor

software (including deleted features) and used in the program. Note that the compiler

is not required to scan a character string used as a format. The standard also requires

that the processor detect, with appropriate explanation, the following:

1. obsolescent features (see C)

2. intrinsic type kind values not supported

3. characters not permitted by the processor

4. illegal source form

5. violations of the scope rules for names, labels, operators, and assignment symbols

The standard does not require the processor to detect nonstandard intrinsic mod-

ules, but most processors probably will detect their use.

Rules for the form of the output are less stringent than for other features of the lan-

guage in the sense that the processor may have some options about the format of the

output and the programmer may not have complete control over which of these op-

tions is used.

A processor may include extensions not in the standard; if it processes standard-

conforming programs according to the standard, it is considered to be a standard-con-

forming processor.

6 Chapter 1

1.2.3 Portability

One of the main purposes of a standard is to describe how to write portable programs.

However, there are some things that are standard conforming, but not portable. An ex-

ample is a program that computes a very large number. Certain computing systems

will not accommodate a number this large. Thus, such a number could be a part of a

standard-conforming program, but may not run on all systems and thus may not be

portable. Another example is a program that uses a deeper nesting of control con-

structs than is allowed by a particular compiler.

1.2.4 A Permissive Standard

The primary purpose of the Fortran standard is to describe a language with the prop-

erty that, if a programmer uses the language, the difficulties of porting programs from

one computer system to another will be minimized. But to handle the somewhat con-

tradictory goal of permitting experimentation and development of the language, the

standard is permissive; that is, a processor can conform to the standard even if it allows

features that are not described in the standard. This has its good and bad aspects.

On the positive side, it allows implementors to experiment with features not in the

standard; if they are successful and prove useful, they can become candidates for stan-

dardization during the next revision. Thus, a vendor of a compiler may choose to add

some features not found in the standard and still conform to the standard by correctly

processing all of the features that are described in the standard.

On the negative side, the burden is on the programmer to know about and avoid

these extra features when the program is to be ported to a different computer system.

The programmer is given some help with this problem in that a Fortran processor is re-

quired to recognize and warn the programmer about syntactic constructs in a program

that do not conform to the standard. A good Fortran programmer’s manual also will

point out nonstandard features with some technique, such as shading on the page. But

there is no real substitute for knowledge of the standard language itself. This hand-

book provides this knowledge.

1.3 Notation Used in this Book

When a word or words are in bold font, this indicates that the term is being defined.

Fortran keywords, such as CALL and IF, are capitalized when discussed in text.

Examples in a

monospaced font should be compilable when incorporated into a

complete program unit.

Braces { } are used in Appendices A and B to indicate optional intrinsic procedure

arguments.

In this book, a simplified form (compared to that used in the standard) is used to

describe the syntax of Fortran 2003 programs. The forms consist of program text in the

same font used to display program examples (such as

END DO) and syntactic terms that

must be replaced with correct Fortran source for those terms, which are printed using

a sans serif font (such as

input-item-list). Optional items are enclosed in brackets; items

enclosed in brackets followed by ellipses (...) may occur any number (including zero)

Introduction 7

of times. The ampersand (&) is used to continue a line, just as it is used to continue a

line in a Fortran 2003 program. Use of one of the syntactic forms always produces a

syntactically correct part of a Fortran 2003 program. These syntactic forms indicate

how to construct most of the correct Fortran 2003 statements, but in some cases are in-

complete in that they do not describe all of the possible forms. For example, specifiers

in some input/output statements are listed in order, but may be written in any order.

The following syntax form occurs in 9. It describes one form that can be used to

construct a direct access formatted WRITE statement. The general syntax for the

WRITE statement is quite complex and gives no hint as to which options are allowed

for direct access formatting. On the other hand, this rule is overly restrictive in that it

indicates a particular order for the options, which is not required by the standard.

Nevertheless, using this form always will produce a correct WRITE statement.

WRITE([UNIT=]scalar-integer-expression&

,[FMT=]format&

,REC=scalar-integer-expression&

[,IOSTAT=scalar-default-integer-variable]&

[,ERR=label]&

)[output-item-list]

Another property of the syntactic forms is that the terms used are informal. They

are not necessarily defined precisely anywhere in the book and are not always the

same as those in the standard; they are often longer and more descriptive. If you need

to know the precise syntax allowed, refer to Fortran 2003 standard [7].

A general restriction on all syntax rules is that, for forms with lists of keywords,

any particular keyword may appear at most once. For example, there may be at most

one IOSTAT in a WRITE statement.

In the text near many syntax rules is a reference, such as (Rnnn). This indicates that

the syntax rule is related to syntax rule nnn of the Fortran 2003 standard.

The syntax rules use abbreviations for some common forms. These are listed in

Table 1-1.

An occurrence of

abc-list is shorthand for a list of one or more things of form abc,

separated by comma; that is

Table 1-1 Syntax form abbreviations

char character

dtio derived-type input/output

expr expression

id identifier

io input/output

spec specification

8 Chapter 1

abc [ , abc ] ....

The standard categorizes some restrictions as constraints. The difference between

constraints and the other restrictions is that the compiler must be able to detect viola-

tions of the constraints during compilation. In this book, there is no distinction be-

tween restrictions that the compiler must detect and those it need not detect and also

between compile-time and run-time restrictions.

1.4 Approximations to Real and Complex Values

Most real (and hence complex) values cannot be represented exactly in a computer. For

example, when

X = 1.23

is executed, the value stored for X might not be exactly 1.23, but the nearest approxi-

mation that can be represented in the computer, which usually will be a binary repre-

sentation.

Whenever real and complex values and operations are discussed in this book, it is

to be understood that the values will be approximate when represented in the comput-

er. For examples, when this book indicates that the symbol “+” represents addition, it

really means that it represents an approximation to the sum of two values.

1.5 References

1. Adams, Jeanne C., Walter S. Brainerd, Jeanne T. Martin, Brian T. Smith, and Jerrold

L. Wagener, The Fortran 90 Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1992.

2. Adams, Jeanne C., Walter S. Brainerd, Jeanne T. Martin, Brian T. Smith, and Jerrold

L. Wagener, The Fortran 95 Handbook, MIT Press, 1997.

3. American National Standard FORTRAN, X3.9-1966, United States of America Stan-

dards Institute, 1966 (Fortran 66).

4. American National Standards Institute, American National Standard Programming

Language FORTRAN, ANSI X3.9-1978, New York, 1978 (Fortran 77).

5. Brainerd, Walter S., Ed., Fortran 77, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 21, No. 10, Oc-

tober 1978, pp. 806–820.

6. Greenfield, Martin H., History of FORTRAN standardization, Proceedings of the

1982 National Computer Conference, AFIPS Press, Arlington, VA, 1982.

7. International Standards Organization, ISO/IEC 1539-1 : 2004, Information technolo-

gy—Programming languages—Fortran—Part 1: Base language, Geneva, 2004 (Fortran

2003).

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