深入解析KVM虚拟化技术

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"这篇文档是关于KVM协议的分析报告，由Virtualization Technical Working Group于2008-12-31发布。KVM，全称为Kernel-based Virtual Machine，是由以色列的开源组织Qumranet开发的一款开源虚拟机监控器，自Linux内核2.6.20版本开始被集成进去。它是一种基于x86硬件的虚拟化技术，运行时需要Intel VT-x或AMD SVM硬件支持。KVM的实现模型主要分为两类：监控模型（hypervisor）和主机模型（Host-based）。" 在KVM的设计中，它通常被认为采用了主机模型的实现方式。不同于传统的监控模型，这种模型将处理器调度以及各种驱动的实现都放在了内核中。由于KVM被整合到Linux内核之中，因此可以自然而然地利用Linux内核的内存管理、多处理器支持等功能，使得实现难度大大降低。这与那些需要从零开始构建所有基础设施的虚拟化技术相比，具有显著的优势。 KVM的I/O虚拟化部分与QEMU紧密合作。QEMU是一款强大的机器模拟器，它能够模拟多种不同的处理器架构和硬件设备。在KVM中，QEMU负责硬件模拟，而KVM则专注于提供底层的虚拟化核心服务。通过这种方式，它们协同工作，既实现了高效的I/O处理，又显著减少了实现虚拟化工作负载的复杂性。 KVM的主要优点包括： 1. 高性能：由于KVM直接利用硬件虚拟化扩展，如Intel VT-x和AMD SVM，它可以提供接近物理硬件的性能，尤其是在运行来宾操作系统时。 2. 内核集成：作为Linux内核的一部分，KVM能够充分利用内核提供的功能，如内存管理和调度，简化了设计和维护。 3. 扩展性：KVM支持多处理器环境，可以轻松地扩展到多核系统，满足高性能计算的需求。 4. I/O虚拟化：通过与QEMU结合，KVM能够模拟多种硬件设备，提供灵活的I/O支持，使来宾操作系统能够无缝运行。 5. 开源社区支持：作为开源项目，KVM受益于全球开发者社区的持续改进和更新，确保了技术的先进性和稳定性。 KVM协议是一种强大的虚拟化解决方案，它通过利用现代处理器的硬件虚拟化特性，为Linux环境提供了高效且可扩展的虚拟化能力。其与QEMU的协同工作，使得I/O虚拟化得以优化，降低了整体的系统开销。对于需要在单一硬件平台上运行多个操作系统的场景，KVM是一个理想的选择。

KVM Analysis Report

Virtualization Technical Working Group

2008-12-31

KVM Introduction

KVM is Israel's open-source organization the Qumranet development of an open source virtual machine monitor, began to be included in

the Linux kernel from the Linux-2.6.20. KVM is an x86 hardware-based virtualization technology, and its operational requires Intel VT-x

or AMD SVM support.

I t' s generally believed that the virtual machine monitor implementation of the model into two categories: monitoring model (the

hypervisor) and the host model (Host-based). Monitoring model, processor scheduling, but also need to implement the various drivers,

run on the virtual machine to support the generally larger than the host model, so difficult to realize. The host model (Host-based)

implementation of the KVM, KVM is integrated in the Linux kernel, it can be naturally provided by the Linux kernel memory

management, multi-processor support, easy to implement, but can also be with the the development of the Linux kernel development. All

I / O virtualization in KVM, with the Qemu, but also significantly reduced to achieve the workload. Above can be said that the advantages

of KVM.

The organization of this report

Of this report Chapter 2 describes the processor virtualization and KVM implementation, Chapter 3 describes the memory virtualization

and KVM implementation, and Chapter 4 describes the I / O virtualization and KVM implementations.

Explain

This report only analysis KVM associated with Intel VT-x does not consider in KVM and AMD SVM, therefore consistent about the use

of terms, with Intel VT-x.

Processor virtualization

VT-x technology

We know that the processor normally present application programming interface and system programming interface. For x86 processors,

application programming interface exposed only to the application of the general-purpose registers RFLAGS, RIP, and a set of

non-privileged instruction, the system programming interface to the operating system exposes all of the ISA (Instruction Set Architecture).

Traditional process / thread model is a virtualization of the processor, but only on the application programming interface processor

virtualization, the so-called virtualization, system virtualization, running to the virtualization of the processor system programming

interface . From this perspective, compared to system virtualization and process / thread model is not essentially different.

Processor virtualization nature of time-sharing. Virtualization requires two necessary conditions, is able to read and restore the processor

state, the second is a mechanism to prevent the virtual machine to modify the global state of the system.

The first necessary condition is not necessarily the hardware implementation, hardware implementation than software implementation

easier. For example, the x86 processors to multi-task, is the virtualization of application programming interfaces, provides hardware

support, software usually only need to execute an instruction, task switching can be achieved, the processor hardware is responsible to

save the current state of the application programming interface, and objectives and tasks to restore the status of the application

programming interface. But the operating system does not necessarily have to use the processor to provide this virtualization mechanism,

we can use the software to complete the application interface state switch. For example, Linux does not use x86 processors provided at

multi-tasking mechanism, entirely dependent on the software implementation of a task switch.

The second necessary condition must be achieved by the hardware, usually the processor to a multi-mode operation (multi-mode

operation) to ensure this. In traditional x86 processors, there are four kinds of modes of operation is often said 4 privilege level. Virtual

machine (in this case refers to the process / thread) usually run in privilege level 3, while the virtual machine monitor (in this case the

operating system) running at privilege level 0, all access to the overall operation of the process / thread, such as access to shared

operations system address space, access I / O, etc., will lead to the occurrence of abnormal intercepted by the operating system and

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