高性能MySQL第三版：英文版

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"High Performance MySQL, 3rd Edition.pdf" 《高性能MySQL》第三版是一本由Baron Schwartz, Peter Zaitsev和Vadim Tkachenko合著的专业数据库优化指南，专注于MySQL的性能提升和最佳实践。这本书由O'Reilly Media出版，适合教育、商业或销售推广使用，同时也有在线版本可供选择。该书涵盖了MySQL的多个关键主题，旨在帮助读者理解并优化MySQL服务器的性能，确保系统的高效运行。作者们在书中深入探讨了以下几个方面： 1. **数据库架构设计**：讨论了如何为高并发和大数据量场景设计合适的数据库架构，包括数据模型的选择、表的设计以及索引策略的制定。 2. **查询优化**：详述了SQL查询的性能分析和优化技巧，包括如何避免全表扫描、使用正确的JOIN操作以及优化子查询等。 3. **存储引擎**：介绍了InnoDB和MyISAM等主要存储引擎的工作原理和差异，以及在不同场景下如何选择最合适的引擎。 4. **并发和事务处理**：讲解了多线程和并发控制，以及如何有效管理事务，确保数据的一致性和完整性。 5. **复制与集群**：详细阐述了MySQL的复制机制，包括主从复制和多主复制，以及如何构建高可用性的MySQL集群。 6. **性能监控与调优**：提供了各种工具和方法来监控MySQL的性能，如EXPLAIN计划、慢查询日志和性能 Schema，以及如何根据这些信息进行系统调优。 7. **备份与恢复**：探讨了数据库备份策略，包括热备份、冷备份和增量备份，以及如何快速有效地恢复数据。 8. **内存管理与硬件选择**：讨论了内存配置对性能的影响，以及如何根据工作负载选择合适的硬件配置。 9. **安全与权限管理**：讲解了MySQL的安全特性，包括用户权限设置、访问控制和防火墙配置。 10. **最新版本特性**：由于是第三版，书中还可能包含了MySQL的新版本特性，如新的SQL语法、存储引擎改进或其他性能增强功能。该书的每个章节都包含了大量的实例和实战经验，旨在帮助读者将理论知识转化为实际操作。此外，书中还提到了错误修正历史，方便读者追踪最新更新和修复。《高性能MySQL》第三版是MySQL管理员、开发者和DBA的重要参考资料，无论你是初学者还是有经验的专家，都能从中获取到提升数据库性能的关键知识。通过学习本书，你将能够更好地理解和应对MySQL在高负载环境下的挑战，实现更高效的数据管理。

E. Debugging Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

F. Using Sphinx with MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

xiv | Table of Contents

Foreword

I’ve been a fan of this book for years, and the third edition makes a great book even

better. Not only do world-class experts share that expertise, but they have taken the

time to update and add chapters with high-quality writing. While the book has many

details on getting high performance from MySQL, the focus of the book is on the pro-

cess of improvement rather than facts and trivia. This book will help you figure out

how to make things better, regardless of changes in MySQL’s behavior over time.

The authors are uniquely qualified to write this book, based on their experience, prin-

cipled approach, focus on efficiency, and commitment to improvement. By experi-

ence, I mean that the authors have been working on MySQL performance from the days

when it didn’t scale and had no instrumentation to the current period where things are

much better. By principled approach, I mean that they treat this like a science, first

defining problems to be solved and then using reason and measurement to solve those

problems.

I am most impressed by their focus on efficiency. As consultants, they don’t have the

luxury of time. Clients getting billed by the hour want problems solved quickly. So the

authors have defined processes and built tools to get things done correctly and effi-

ciently. They describe the processes in this book and publish source code for the tools.

Finally, they continue to get better at what they do. This includes a shift in concern

from throughput to response time, a commitment to understanding the performance

of MySQL on new hardware, and a pursuit of new skills like queueing theory that can

be used to understand performance.

I believe this book augurs a bright future for MySQL. As MySQL has evolved to support

demanding workloads, the authors have led a similar effort to improve the under-

standing of MySQL performance within the community. They have also contributed

directly to that improvement via XtraDB and XtraBackup. I continue to learn from them

and hope you take the time to do so as well.

—Mark Callaghan, Software Engineer, Facebook

Preface

We wrote this book to serve the needs of not just the MySQL application developer

but also the MySQL database administrator. We assume that you are already relatively

experienced with MySQL. We also assume some experience with general system ad-

ministration, networking, and Unix-like operating systems.

The second edition of this book presented a lot of information to readers, but no book

can provide complete coverage of a topic. Between the second and third editions, we

took notes on literally thousands of interesting problems we’d solved or seen others

solve. When we started to outline the third edition, it became clear that not only would

full coverage of these topics require three to five thousand pages, but the book still

wouldn’t be complete. After reflecting on this problem, we realized that the second

edition’s emphasis on deep coverage was actually self-limiting, in the sense that it often

didn’t teach readers how to think about MySQL.

As a result, this third edition has a different focus from the second edition. We still

convey a lot of information, and we still emphasize the same goals, such as reliability

and correctness. But we’ve also tried to imbue the book with a deeper purpose: we want

to teach the principles of why MySQL works as it does, not just the facts about how it

works. We’ve included more illustrative stories and case studies, which demonstrate

the principles in action. We build on these to try to answer questions such as “Given

MySQL’s internal architecture and operation, what practical effects arise in real usage?

Why do those effects matter? How do they make MySQL well suited (or not well suited)

for particular needs?”

Ultimately, we hope that your knowledge of MySQL’s internals will help you in situa-

tions beyond the scope of this book. And we hope that your newfound insight will help

you to learn and practice a methodical approach to designing, maintaining, and trou-

bleshooting systems that are built on MySQL.

How This Book Is Organized

We fit a lot of complicated topics into this book. Here, we explain how we put them

together in an order that makes them easier to learn.

xvii

A Broad Overview

Chapter 1, MySQL Architecture and History is dedicated to the basics—things you’ll

need to be familiar with before you dig in deeply. You need to understand how MySQL

is organized before you’ll be able to use it effectively. This chapter explains MySQL’s

architecture and key facts about its storage engines. It helps you get up to speed if you

aren’t familiar with some of the fundamentals of a relational database, including trans-

actions. This chapter will also be useful if this book is your introduction to MySQL but

you’re already familiar with another database, such as Oracle. We also include a bit of

historical context: the changes to MySQL over time, recent ownership changes, and

where we think it’s headed.

Building a Solid Foundation

The early chapters cover material we hope you’ll reference over and over as you use

MySQL.

Chapter 2, Benchmarking MySQL discusses the basics of benchmarking—that is, de-

termining what sort of workload your server can handle, how fast it can perform certain

tasks, and so on. Benchmarking is an essential skill for evaluating how the server be-

haves under load, but it’s also important to know when it’s not useful.

Chapter 3, Profiling Server Performance introduces you to the response time–oriented

approach we take to troubleshooting and diagnosing server performance problems.

This framework has proven essential to solving some of the most puzzling cases we’ve

seen. Although you might choose to modify our approach (we developed it by modi-

fying Cary Millsap’s approach, after all), we hope you’ll avoid the pitfalls of not having

any method at all.

In Chapters 4 through 6, we introduce three topics that together form the foundation

for a good logical and physical database design. In Chapter 4, Optimizing Schema and

Data Types, we cover the various nuances of data types and table design. Chapter 5,

Indexing for High Performance extends the discussion to indexes—that is, physical

database design. A firm understanding of indexes and how to use them well is essential

for using MySQL effectively, so you’ll probably find yourself returning to this chapter

repeatedly. And Chapter 6, Query Performance Optimization wraps the topics together

by explaining how MySQL executes queries and how you can take advantage of its

query optimizer’s strengths. This chapter also presents specific examples of many com-

mon classes of queries, illustrating where MySQL does a good job and how to transform

queries into forms that use its strengths.

Up to this point, we’ve covered the basic topics that apply to any database: tables,

indexes, data, and queries. Chapter 7, Advanced MySQL Features goes beyond the

basics and shows you how MySQL’s advanced features work. We examine topics such

as partitioning, stored procedures, triggers, and character sets. MySQL’s implementa-

tion of these features is different from other databases, and a good understanding of

xviii | Preface

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