1. Introduction to OpenLDAP Directory Services
This document describes how to build, configure, and operate OpenLDAP Software to provide directory
services. This includes details on how to configure and run the Standalone LDAP Daemon, slapd(8). It is
intended for new and experienced administrators alike. This section provides a basic introduction to directory
services and, in particular, the directory services provided by slapd(8). This introduction is only intended to
provide enough information so one might get started learning about LDAP, X.500, and directory services.
1.1. What is a directory service?
A directory is a specialized database specifically designed for searching and browsing, in additional to
supporting basic lookup and update functions.
Note: A directory is defined by some as merely a database optimized for read access. This definition, at best,
is overly simplistic.
Directories tend to contain descriptive, attribute-based information and support sophisticated filtering
capabilities. Directories generally do not support complicated transaction or roll-back schemes found in
database management systems designed for handling high-volume complex updates. Directory updates are
typically simple all-or-nothing changes, if they are allowed at all. Directories are generally tuned to give quick
response to high-volume lookup or search operations. They may have the ability to replicate information
widely in order to increase availability and reliability, while reducing response time. When directory
information is replicated, temporary inconsistencies between the replicas may be okay, as long as
inconsistencies are resolved in a timely manner.
There are many different ways to provide a directory service. Different methods allow different kinds of
information to be stored in the directory, place different requirements on how that information can be
referenced, queried and updated, how it is protected from unauthorized access, etc. Some directory services
are local, providing service to a restricted context (e.g., the finger service on a single machine). Other services
are global, providing service to a much broader context (e.g., the entire Internet). Global services are usually
distributed, meaning that the data they contain is spread across many machines, all of which cooperate to
provide the directory service. Typically a global service defines a uniform namespace which gives the same
view of the data no matter where you are in relation to the data itself.
A web directory, such as provided by the Open Directory Project <http://dmoz.org>, is a good example of a
directory service. These services catalog web pages and are specifically designed to support browsing and
searching.
While some consider the Internet Domain Name System (DNS) is an example of a globally distributed
directory service, DNS is not browseable nor searchable. It is more properly described as a globally
distributed lookup service.
1.2. What is LDAP?
LDAP stands for Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. As the name suggests, it is a lightweight protocol
for accessing directory services, specifically X.500-based directory services. LDAP runs over TCP/IP or other
connection oriented transfer services. LDAP is an IETF Standard Track protocol and is specified in
"Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Technical Specification Road Map" RFC4510.
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