快速指南：Linux内核桌面编译与安装实战

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《Linux内核精要：桌面快速参考手册》是一本面向初学者的Linux内核指南，由Greg Kroah-Hartman撰写，旨在帮助读者理解并掌握Linux内核的构建、安装、升级以及定制过程。本书分为两个主要部分： **Part I: Building the Kernel (构建内核)** 1. **Introduction (介绍)**: 该部分首先引导读者了解内核的重要性，以及本书如何作为学习工具，强调实践操作和理解基础概念。 2. **Requirements for Building and Using the Kernel (构建与使用内核的要求)**: 这里概述了构建和使用Linux内核所需的工具，包括必要的软件环境和硬件配置。 3. **Retrieving the Kernel Source (获取内核源代码)**: 指导读者选择合适的kernel tree（内核版本分支），提供查找源代码的途径，并解释如何处理下载后的源代码。 4. **Configuring and Building (配置与编译)**: 详细介绍如何创建配置文件，修改配置选项以满足特定需求，以及实际编译内核的过程，包括高级构建选项。 5. **Installing and Booting from a Kernel (安装与引导内核)**: 提供使用发行版安装脚本的步骤，也介绍了手动安装的方法，以及如何更新BIOS设置以便引导新内核。 **Part II: Major Customizations (主要定制)** 6. **Customizing a Kernel (定制内核)**: 强调在使用发行版预置内核的基础上，如何根据需求自定义内核，包括确定模块选择和从头开始确定正确模块。 7. **Kernel Configuration Recipes (内核配置配方)**: 详述针对不同设备（如硬盘、设备驱动、CPU类型）、网络和文件系统的配置方法，以实现特定功能和优化性能。这本书不仅适合那些希望深入理解Linux内核的系统管理员和开发者，也对初次接触Linux内核技术的用户提供了实用的入门教程。通过阅读和实践书中的内容，读者将能够逐步掌握Linux内核的核心概念和实际操作技巧。

Chapter 2: Requirements for Building and Using the Kernel

udev

udev is a program that enables Linux to provide a persistent device-naming system

in the /dev directory. It also provides a dynamic /dev, much like the one provided

by the older (and now removed) devfs filesystem. Almost all Linux distributions

use udev to manage the /dev directory, so it is required in order to properly boot

the machine.

Unfortunately, udev relies on the structure of /sys, which has been known to

change from time to time with kernel releases. Some of these changes in the past

have been known to break udev, so that your machine will not boot properly. If

you have the latest version of udev recommended for your kernel and have prob-

lems with it working properly, please contact the udev developers on the mailing

list available at linux-hotplug-devel@lists.sourceforge.net.

It is highly recommended that you use the version of udev that comes with your

Linux distribution, as it is tied into the distribution specific boot process very

tightly. But if you wish to upgrade udev on your own, you can find it at http://

www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev.html.

As of the 2.6.18 kernel release, the 081 release of udev is the oldest that works

properly with the kernel. It is recommended that you use the latest version of

udev, because it will work better with newer kernels, due to changes in how udev

and the kernel communicate.

To determine which version of udev you have on your system, run the following

command:

$ udevinfo -V

Process tools

The package procps includes the commonly used tools ps and top, as well as many

other handy tools for managing and monitoring processes running on the system.

If you wish to download and install this package yourself, you can find it at http://

procps.sourceforge.net.

As of the 2.6.18 kernel release, the 3.2.0 release of procps is the oldest that works

properly with the kernel. To determine which version of procps you have on your

system, run the following command:

$ ps --version

PCMCIA tools

In order to properly use PCMCIA devices with Linux, a userspace helper program

must be used to set up the devices. For older kernel versions, this program was

called pcmcia-cs, but that has been replaced with a much simpler system called

pcmciautils. If you wish to use PCMCIA devices, you must have this package

installed for them to work properly.

Chapter 3Retrieving the Kernel Source

Retrieving the Kernel Source

When you’re building your own kernel, you want the latest stable release. Many

distributions provide their own packages of kernel sources, but these are rarely

the most cutting-edge, recent versions. The distribution packages have the advan-

tage of being built to be compatible with the compiler and other tools provided by

the distribution (Chapter 2 explains the importance of their being compatible) but

they may not end up providing the functionality or performance you want. If you

can create your own environment with the latest kernel, compiler, and other tools,

you will be able to build exactly what you want. This chapter focuses on deter-

mining which kernel sources to download, and how to obtain them.

What Tree to Use

In the past, the Linux kernel was split into only two trees, the “development”

branch and the “stable” branch. The development branch was denoted by an odd

number for the second release number, while the stable branch used even

numbers. So, as an example, the 2.5.25 release was a development kernel, while

the 2.4.25 release is a stable release.

But after the 2.6 series was created, the kernel developers decided to abandon this

method of having two separate trees, and declared that all 2.6 kernel releases

would be considered “stable,” no matter how quickly development was

happening. The few months between the major 2.6 releases would allow kernel

developers the time to add new features and then stabilize them in time for the

next release. Combined with this, a “-stable” kernel branch has been created that

releases bug fixes and security updates for the past kernel release, before the next

major 2.6 release happens.

This is all best explained with some examples, illustrated in Figure 3-1. The

kernel team released the 2.6.17 kernel as a stable release. Then the developers

started working on new features and started releasing the -rc versions as devel-

opment kernels so that people could help test and debug the changes. After

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