2014年ACM计算机通讯：触控手术与多模态交互会议

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"ACM计算机通讯2014年1月刊" 这期《ACM计算机通讯》(Communications of the ACM)是2014年1月出版的第57卷第1期，由美国计算机学会(Association for Computing Machinery, ACM)发布。杂志涵盖了多个领域的最新研究和技术动态，旨在推动计算机科学与技术的发展。文章中提到了以下几个关键主题： 1. **无触碰交互在手术中的应用**：这部分可能涉及了如何利用先进的计算机技术和传感器系统实现医生与手术设备之间的非接触式控制，提高手术精度和安全性。 2. **软件炼狱(The Software Inferno)**：这个标题暗示了一篇文章可能讨论了软件开发过程中遇到的复杂性、错误和挑战，以及如何从这些困境中解脱出来的方法。 3. **和平技术(Peace Technologies)**：这可能是关于利用信息技术促进和平解决冲突、增进社会和谐的研究，或者探讨了技术如何帮助减少国际间的紧张关系。 4. **语音识别的现状与进展**：随着技术的进步，语音识别已经成为一个热门话题。这篇文章可能分析了当时的技术水平，包括识别率、实时性和应用场景等。 5. **实际上，图灵并未发明计算机**：此标题可能纠正了一个常见的误解，即阿兰·图灵(Alan Turing)被认为是计算机的发明者，文章可能会讨论图灵对计算机科学的实际贡献以及真正的计算机先驱。 6. **ACM的2013财年年度报告**：这个部分可能提供了ACM在过去一年的活动、成就、会员发展和财务状况的总结。 7. **可扩展的会议(Scalable Conferences)**：这可能涉及到如何组织和管理大型技术会议，以便更有效地处理参会者数量的增长，同时保持高质量的交流和互动。 8. **ICMI 2014 - 国际多模态交互会议**：这是一个具体的学术会议，于2014年11月12日至16日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔的博达大学举行。会议涵盖了多模态交互的各个方面，包括特殊议题提案、研讨会提案、论文提交等重要日期。通过这些主题，读者可以了解到2014年初计算机科学领域的前沿动态，包括人机交互、软件工程、和平利用技术、自然语言处理等方面的研究进展。每篇文章都可能深入探讨了各自领域的最新理论、方法和实践，对研究人员、从业者和学生来说都是宝贵的信息来源。

acm’s annual report for FY13

14 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM | JANUARY 2014 | VOL. 57 | NO. 1

Committee to consider how ACM can

contribute to the growth of high-qual-

ity education throughout the region.

ACM China ﬁnished its third year

of operation by extending its outreach

efforts to bring ACM awareness to

academic institutions and industries

in this vast region. With each pass-

ing year the number of conferences,

chapters, and memberships estab-

lished in the region increases. ACM

China also continues to explore part-

nership opportunities with the China

Computer Federation (CFF), indeed

for the last two years selected articles

from Communications of the ACM have

been translated into Chinese and

published in CFF’s magazine.

An important role for the Education

Board is to improve understanding of

the computer education landscape on

a global scale. Over the last year, the

board continued to collaborate with

ACM Europe and Informatics in Eu-

rope by offering guidance on comput-

ing in schools throughout Europe.

International activities and confer-

ences hosted by ACM SIGs increase

every year. KDD-2012 was a huge

success in Beijing, where its clos-

ing panel session on big data drew

record-breaking attendance. SIGevo

held a workshop at the University of

Adelaide in Australia and its GECCO

conference is slated for Amsterdam.

And SIGAPP held its annual Sympo-

sium on Applied Computing confer-

ence in Coimbra, Portugal.

Electronic Community

ACM rolled out a new online e-Rights

Transfer application system in April,

giving authors new options for man-

aging rights and permissions. The

system, now used by all ACM jour-

nals, proceedings, and magazines,

completely automates the rights

transfer process.

The Technology and Tools Task

Force developed a Web 2.0 website,

Technology that Educators of Com-

puting Hail (TECH). This effort is a re-

ﬂection of its charter to promote great

teaching by providing the best tech-

nology and tools resources for com-

puting educators.

By the end of the year, ACM maga-

zines Communications of the ACM, ACM

Inroads, and interactions became ac-

cessible as easy-to-use mobile apps for

iPhones, iPads, and Android devices.

These new downloadable apps enable

members to access their favorite ACM

magazines in a new way.

The Publications Board spirited

a project to develop a webpage tem-

plate to be used for all ACM journals

and transactions. The result will give

ACM publications a professional, uni-

form look and feel that enhances the

imprint of one of ACM’s top services—

journal publishing.

ACM SIGs across the board con-

tinue to strengthen their online pres-

ence to build global awareness as

well as incorporate social media into

their operation at every opportunity.

SIGACCESS, for example, enhanced

its website with resources such as a

set of guidelines that reﬂect current

thinking on language for writing in

the academic accessibility commu-

nity as well as a guide for planning

accessible conferences. The con-

ference program for SIGUCCS 2012

was offered via a mobile app that al-

lowed attendees to view the program,

choose their sessions, and submit

session evaluations using their mo-

bile devices. SIGMOD’s ofﬁcial blog

catches the heartbeat of the commu-

nity on exciting and controversial top-

ics from posts by notable researchers

and teachers in the database commu-

nity. The SIG’s DBJobs online service

continues to attract job seekers with a

database background.

Conferences

SIGGRAPH 2012 welcomed 21,212

artists, research scientists, gaming

experts and developers, ﬁlmmak-

ers, students, and academics from 83

countries to Los Angeles. More than

1,200 speakers and contributors par-

ticipated in the event and SIGGRAPH’s

exhibition hall drew 161 industry orga-

nizations from 19 countries.

KDD-2012 attracted a record high

in attendance and the number of pa-

per submissions. In addition, the con-

ference introduces an option for every

selected paper to be accompanied by

a 30-second video summary, an Asia-

Paciﬁc track, and an industry practice

expo that resulted in standing-room-

only attendance.

The ﬂagship conference for the

ACM Special Interest Group on Data

Communication (SIGCOMM) contin-

ues to thrive in scope and attendance.

This year’s conference, held in Hel-

sinki, drew over 600 attendees.

Recognition

There were 125 new chapters chartered

in FY13. Of the 15 new professional

chapters, all were internationally

based; of the 110 new student chap-

ters, 60 were international.

The ACM Fellows Program recog-

nized 52 members for their contribu-

tions to computing and computer

science in FY13. The new inductees

brought the number of ACM Fellows to

over 750.

ACM also named 41 new Distin-

guished Members in FY12, of which

there were six Distinguished Educa-

tors, three Distinguished Engineers,

and 32 Distinguished Scientists, bring-

ing the total number of Distinguished

Members to 326.

ACM-W’s Regional Celebration

Committee provided support for wom-

en in computing events in Australasia,

Chicago, Kentucky, New Mexico, New

York, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Ontario, the

Paciﬁc Northwest, Pune (India), and

the Rocky Mountain region. In addi-

tion, ACM continues to partner with the

Anita Borg Institute in presenting the

annual Grace Hopper Celebration of

Women in Computing.

ACM rolled out

a new online

e-Rights Transfer

application system,

giving authors

new options for

managing rights

and permissions.

letters to the editor

16 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM | JANUARY 2014 | VOL. 57 | NO. 1

“The Lacks family is honored to be part

of an important agreement that we be-

lieve will be beneﬁcial to everyone.”

The oncologists treating Lacks

should indeed have asked her whether

they could reuse her cells for research.

But monetary payment in such cases

could lead toward a market in human

body parts. Your body is “yours” in

many senses of the word, but not in

the sense that you may sell it. This is a

consequence of the 13th Amendment

to the U.S. Constitution and other anti-

slavery laws around the world.

The Michaels further said, “Consid-

er the story of Henrietta Lacks, whom

scientists named ‘HeLa.’” In my expe-

rience, even this is inaccurate. I have

heard many scientists say they work

with “HeLa cells,” as well as with BL321

cells and CHO DG44 cells not of human

origin. When I have heard them speak

of Henrietta Lacks, they have called her

by her full name.

The Michaels rightly said, “There is

a stark asymmetry between those who

use wearables and those who do not. …

Maker or hacker communities … create

personalized devices … [which] often

[are] commercialized for mass con-

sumption.” I suspect they were trying

to reinforce this point by saying if “sci-

entists” disrespected Henrietta Lacks,

then perhaps engineers devising wear-

able devices today would likewise be

disrespectful of bystanders in the ﬁeld

of view.

Such lazy generalizations about sci-

entists can hardly help readers like me

address the ethical challenges we face.

Chris Morris, Chester, U.K.

Planned [Software] Immortality

I could not disagree more with Mar-

shall Van Alstyne’s column paean to

mortality “Why Not Immortality?”

(Nov. 2013) because, unlike the living

creatures and appliances he modeled,

there is no aspect of software that can-

not be designed to evolve. Software be-

comes obsolete and must be replaced

only if its designers do not design for

immortality. Consider our cities. Al-

N HIS EDITOR’S LETTER “The End

of The American Network” (Nov.

2013), Moshe Y. Vardi made

this startling statement: “Thus,

in spite of its being a globally

distributed system, the Internet is ul-

timately controlled by the U.S. govern-

ment. This enables the U.S. government

to conduct Internet surveillance opera-

tions that would have been impossible

without this degree of control.” This is

untrue on several levels: First, so-called

U.S. control of the Internet is limited to

approval of root-zone changes of the Do-

main Name System, though the U.S. has

never exercised that authority against

any top-level delegation or re-delega-

tion proposed by the Internet Corpora-

tion for Assigned Names and Numbers

(http://www.icann.org), the not-for-

proﬁt organization that oversees the

Internet’s naming and numbering sys-

tem. In addition, root-zone servers exist

outside the U.S., and any heavy-handed

attempt by the U.S. government to exer-

cise unwarranted control over the con-

tents of the zone would be international

political suicide and likely cause a near

immediate takeover by operators in oth-

er countries. Second, this administra-

tive function has nothing to do with the

routing of information on the Internet

and does not provide any agency of the

U.S. government any advantage for sur-

veillance of Internet trafﬁc.

Although the topology of the early

Internet was such that much of the

world’s trafﬁc ﬂowed through the U.S.,

it was a historical artifact of the Inter-

net’s early development. More recent-

ly, the pattern changed radically, with

Internet topology evolving into a more

comprehensive global mesh structure.

Vardi’s repetition of spurious and

incorrect claims, often made for po-

litical reasons by other countries,

gives credence to ignorance while il-

lustrating the extent to which a knee-

jerk reaction generated by Edward

Snowden’s recent disclosures con-

cerning the National Security Agency’s

surveillance of personal communica-

tions worldwide has been unthinking-

ly adopted by otherwise presumably

sensible individuals. A retraction of

Vardi’s statement is essential to con-

ﬁrm ACM is a professional organiza-

tion, not a thoughtless echo chamber

for uninformed sentiment.

George Sadowsky, Woodstock, VT

(The author is a member of the ICANN

Board of Directors)

Author’s Response:

I am not an Internet expert and

am happy to be educated by Internet

insiders like Sadowsky. But the revelations

that have poured out for the past many

months resulted in a massive loss

of public trust in insiders. It behooves

Internet insiders like Sadowsky to

speak up and explain precisely what role

the U.S. government plays in Internet

governance and what has enabled the

massive Internet surveillance operations

run by the National Security Agency.

Only more transparency, rather than

vehement denials, may begin the process

of rebuilding the public’s trust in insiders.

Moshe Y. Vardi, Editor-in-Chief

Just the Facts… for Ethics Sake

Katina Michael’s and MG Michael’s

“Computer Ethics” column “No Limits

to Watching?” (Nov. 2013) was marred

by a careless discussion of HeLa, an im-

mortal line of human-derived cells that

is today an important tool for biomedi-

cal research since being derived from

a sample of cervical cancer cells taken

from Henrietta Lacks, a patient at

Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore,

in 1951.

The Michaels said Henrietta

Lacks’s “…cells were ‘taken without

her knowledge.’” In fact, she had a

biopsy, like millions of other cancer

patients. They further said, “Until

this year... HeLa cells were ‘bought

and sold...’ without compensation.”

The understanding agreed in August

between the National Institutes of

Health and Lacks’s family was, in fact,

about access to genomic data, not

compensation. Lacks’s granddaughter

Jeri Lacks Whye even said to the NIH:

U.S. Does Not Control the Internet

DOI:10.1145/2541883.2541886

letters to the editor

JANUARY 2014 | VOL. 57 | NO. 1 | COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 17

though Julius Caesar would not recog-

nize Paris or Rome today as the places

he knew, they existed long before his

time, and will continue to exist long

after mine. We do not abandon cities

and replace them with new ones; cities

live forever because we continuously

reinvent and renew them. Over time,

neighborhoods built for horses and

wagons have evolved to suit cars. Of-

ﬁce parks replace factories. But even

as they morph, cities live on, except

in the rare instance when one is de-

stroyed by natural disaster or by war.

Although nothing short of the universe

itself is truly immortal—and even that

is in doubt—it is time to stop viewing

software through the automobile de-

signer’s mind-set of planned obsoles-

cence and view it instead through the

urban planner’s mind-set. Great soft-

ware should last forever but can do so

only if its designers think of it that way,

investing in continuous reengineering

to make it happen.

K.S. Bhaskar, Malvern, PA

Cyberstalking Already Addressed

Esther Shein’s news item “Ephemeral

Data” (Sept. 2013) said the ex-boyfriend

of a woman in Florida had posted

nude photos of her online and that the

woman now wanted a law to “criminal-

ize ‘cyberstalking’” in Florida. I would

like to point out this would be a waste

of her time since Florida already has a

cyberstalking law under state statute

784.048 subsection 1.d. Moreover, I do

not see how enacting such a law has

anything to do with being stalked in

the ﬁrst place since the legal deﬁnition

of stalking involves (as deﬁned by the

Florida Legislature) “…willful, mali-

cious harassment or following evinced

by a course of conduct over a period of

time, no matter how short, including

any acts of credible threats to one’s

safety, the safety of those close to that

person, or the safety of the person’s

family members.”

Since the photos of the Florida

woman allegedly exist, one can assume

she consented to them being taken. If

not, another Florida law comes into

play concerning voyeurism. If the wom-

an indeed consented to the photos,

she should have thought about having

them taken in the ﬁrst place, since we

all know relationships do not necessar-

ily last forever. By the way, nude photos

do not constitute porn.

Anthony Cunarro, Palm Beach, FL

Ismail Cem Bakir Freed from Jail

My letter “Free Ismail Cem Bakir” (Oct.

2013) concerned Istanbul Technical Uni-

versity computer student Ismail Cem

Bakir, who had been arrested and ille-

gally imprisoned by the Turkish govern-

ment in July following anti-government

protests in June. I am now pleased to say

he has been released, with all charges

dropped. I sent the letter to my colleague,

Vladimir Lifschitz, of the University of

Texas, who was to lecture at the 29th

International Conference on Logic Pro-

gramming in Istanbul, August 24–29,

and who then took time to speak on this

violation of Bakir’s human rights.

Several weeks later, a computer sci-

entist, ﬂuent in Turkish and who at-

tended Lifschitz’s lecture, informed

him the Turkish government had in-

deed released Bakir, ﬁnding this infor-

mation in a search of the Turkish web-

site “ITU Gezi Forum #8”; Gezi is the

park in Istanbul that was at the center

of anti-government protests.

The translation he sent said 29

people, mostly university students, in-

cluding Bakir, had been arrested and

held illegally for four days, quoting

Bakir saying “…he was in the stands

to watch the graduation ceremony

on July 8, and that he noticed plain-

clothes police ofﬁcers, summoned by

the administration, taking photos of

him and of many others like him. He

said that might be one of the reasons

he was taken into custody. He thanked

his professors and friends who didn’t

leave him alone during his time in cus-

tody and in the Çag

layan courthouse.”

Publicizing information on and

support for our colleagues can be crit-

ical when their scientiﬁc freedom and

human rights are at risk. As seen from

Bakir’s statement, his colleagues

helped his cause and improved his

morale while doing no harm. Public-

ity in Communications and other jour-

nals is also extremely useful.

Jack Minker, College Park, MD

Communications welcomes your opinion. To submit a

Letter to the Editor, please limit yourself to 500 words or

less, and send to letters@cacm.acm.org.

ACM

Transactions on

Accessible

Computing

◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

This quarterly publication is a

quarterly journal that publishes

refereed articles addressing issues

of computing as it impacts the

lives of people with disabilities.

The journal will be of particular

interest to SIGACCESS members

and delegrates to its aﬃliated

conference (i.e., ASSETS), as well

as other international accessibility

conferences.

◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆

www.acm.org/taccess

www.acm.org/subscribe

CACM_TACCESS_one-third_page_vertical:Layout 1 6/9/09 1:04 PM Page 1

The Communications Web site, http://cacm.acm.org,

features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM

community. In each issue of Communications, we’ll publish

selected posts or excerpts.

18 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM | JANUARY 2014 | VOL. 57 | NO. 1

Mark Guzdial

“Results from the

First-Year Course

MOOCs: Not There Yet”

http://bit.ly/1gX4AYl

October 18, 2013

MOOCs in the Coursera, Udacity, and

edX form are tightly tied to CS. The

leaders of the xMOOC movement came

out of computer science, and most of

the ﬁrst generation of xMOOCs focused

on teaching computer science. Many of

the MOOC evaluations so far have been

expert reviews. Our Learning Sciences

and Technologies seminar at Georgia

Tech’s College of Computing just read

Moti Ben-Ari’s travelogue on his expe-

riences in Coursera’s and Udacity’s

introductory CS MOOC. The empirical

results of the ﬁrst rounds of MOOCs on

intro courses are now in, so it is worth

considering how they are doing.

Karen Head has ﬁnished her series

of posts in The Chronicle of Higher Edu-

cation on the freshman-composition

MOOC she taught with Gates Foun-

dation funding. The stats were disap-

pointing—only 238 of the approxi-

mately 15K students who did the ﬁrst

homework ﬁnished the course. That is

presentation with visual elements. There

were other students who joined the course

after the second week; we cautioned them

that they would not be able to pass it be-

cause there was no mechanism for doing

peer review after an assignment’s due

date had passed.

Georgia Tech also received funding

from the Gates Foundation to develop

a MOOC approach for a ﬁrst-year col-

lege physics course. I met with Mike

Schatz, the lead teacher on that effort.

It is a remarkable course, including a

“laboratory” where students take vid-

eos of moving objects, then construct

computational simulations in Python

to match the real-world observations.

The completion results were pretty

similar to Karen’s: 20K students signed

up, 3K students completed the ﬁrst as-

signment, and only 170 ﬁnished.

In terms of empirical studies, Mike

had an advantage that Karen did not —

there are standardized tests for mea-

suring the physics knowledge he was

testing, and he used those tests before

and after the course. Mike said the

completers fell into three categories:

those who came in with a lot of phys-

ics knowledge and who ended with

relatively little gain, those who came

in with very little knowledge and made

almost no progress, and a group of stu-

dents who really did learn a lot. They

do not yet know the relative percent-

ages of the three categories. However,

it is clear that being a completer does

not mean that anything was learned.

I also met with Jason Freeman who

ﬁnished his Survey of Music Technol-

ogy MOOC for Coursera. His results

even less than the

~10% we saw com-

pleting other MOOCs.

Karen Head writes:

No, the course was not a success. Of

course, the data are problematic: Many

people have observed that MOOCs often

have terrible retention rates, but is reten-

tion an accurate measure of success? We

had 21,934 students enrolled, 14,771 of

whom were active in the course. Our 26

lecture videos were viewed 95,631 times.

Students submitted work for evaluation

2,942 times and completed 19,571 peer

assessments (the means by which their

writing was evaluated). However, only

238 students received a completion certiﬁ-

cate—meaning that they completed all as-

signments and received satisfactory scores.

Our team is now investigating why so

few students completed the course, but we

have some hypotheses. For one thing, stu-

dents who did not complete all three ma-

jor assignments could not pass the course.

Many struggled with technology, espe-

cially in the ﬁnal assignment, in which

they were asked to create a video presen-

tation based on a personal philosophy

or belief. Some students, for privacy and

cultural reasons, chose not to complete

that assignment, even when we changed

the guidelines to require only an audio

MOOCs Need More Work;

So Do CS Graduates

Mark Guzdial assesses the ﬁrst full year of massive open online courses,

while Joel C. Adams considers the employment outlook for CS grads.

DOI:10.1145/2555813 http://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm

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