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C语言学习指南与推荐资源
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更新于2024-06-28
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"C语言说明指导书,包含了C语言的基础知识,包括类型、变量、表达式、语句、类与对象等内容,并推荐作为学习C语言的良好资料。文档还提及了C#语言规范,但主要焦点仍在于C语言。"
C语言是计算机编程的基础语言之一,以其高效、简洁和强大的功能而闻名。对于初学者来说,理解C语言的基本概念至关重要。以下是一些关键知识点的详细解释:
1. **Introduction** - 引言部分通常会介绍C语言的历史、特点和适用领域,以及学习C语言的好处。
2. **Hello World** - 这是编程入门的经典例子,用于演示程序的基本结构,包括`#include`预处理器指令、主函数`main()`以及输出语句`printf()`。
3. **Program Structure** - C程序由一个或多个源文件组成,每个源文件包含函数定义和声明。程序执行始于`main()`函数,它是程序的入口点。
4. **Types and Variables** - C语言有多种数据类型,如整型(int)、浮点型(float)、字符型(char)等,变量是用来存储数据的内存位置,必须先声明后使用。
5. **Expressions** - 表达式是由操作符和操作数组成的,用于计算值。C语言支持算术、关系、逻辑等多种表达式。
6. **Statements** - 语句是程序中的最小可执行单元,包括赋值语句、控制流语句(如if-else,for,while,switch)等。
7. **Classes and Objects** - 虽然C语言本身不支持面向对象编程,但通过C++的扩展,可以实现类似的概念,如结构体(struct)模拟类,指针模拟对象。
8. **Members** - 在C++中,类的成员包括字段(field)、方法(method)等,这些在C语言中通常以结构体成员的形式出现。
9. **Accessibility** - C++中的访问修饰符(public, private, protected)在C语言中不存在,但可以通过合理的命名约定和封装来实现类似的效果。
10. **Type Parameters** - C++的模板允许创建泛型代码,C语言中没有这个特性,但可以使用void指针和函数指针实现类似功能。
11. **Base Classes** - C++的继承在C中需要手动实现,如使用结构体包含或函数指针。
12. **Fields, Methods, Parameters** - 在C中,字段相当于结构体成员,方法通过函数实现,参数是在函数声明时指定的。
13. **Method Body and Local Variables** - 函数体是实现方法的地方,局部变量只在函数内部可见。
14. **Static and Instance Methods** - 静态方法在C中可以通过静态成员函数实现,实例方法则是普通的函数,通常接收结构体指针作为参数。
15. **Virtual, Override, and Abstract Methods** - 这些是面向对象的概念,C语言不直接支持,但可以通过函数指针和虚表(vtable)来模拟。
16. **Method Overloading** - C语言没有方法重载,但可以通过不同参数列表的函数实现类似功能。
17. **Other Function Members** - 包括友元(friend)函数、常量成员函数(const member functions)等,C语言需用其他方式模拟。
18. **Constructors and Destructors** - 构造函数和析构函数在C++中用于对象初始化和清理,在C中通常通过自定义函数实现。
19. **Properties, Indexers, Events** - 这些是面向对象特性,C语言中不直接存在,但可以通过getter和setter函数、数组和回调函数模拟。
20. **Operators** - C语言支持丰富的运算符重载,但仅限于函数。
21. **Structs** - 结构体是C语言中定义自定义数据类型的主要方式,可以包含不同类型的数据成员。
22. **Arrays** - 数组在C语言中用于存储同类型元素的集合,可以是一维、二维或多维的。
23. **Interfaces** - C++的接口在C中可以用纯虚函数的抽象类实现。
24. **Enums** - 枚举类型在C语言中用于定义一组命名的整数常量。
25. **Delegates** - C++的委托在C中可用函数指针和结构体模拟。
26. **Attributes** - C++的属性在C语言中没有直接对应物,但可以通过宏或元编程实现。
27. **Lexical structure** - 词法结构包括程序的组织、语法表示、词法规则、词法分析等,是编译器处理的第一步。
28. **Programs, Grammars, Grammar Notation** - 程序结构遵循一定的语法规则,BNF(Backus-Naur Form)是一种常用的语法描述方法。
29. **Lexical Analysis** - 词法分析将源代码分解成一个个独立的词法单元,即标记(tokens)。
30. **Line Terminators, Comments, White Space** - 行结束符(\n)、注释(单行//和多行/*...*/)和空白符(空格、制表符)在程序中起到分隔和组织的作用。
31. **Tokens** - 词法单元,如关键字、标识符、常量、运算符、分隔符等,是编译器进一步解析的基础。
这份指导书不仅适合初学者,也对有一定经验的程序员有参考价值,它深入浅出地介绍了C语言的核心概念,同时也涉及了C++的一些面向对象特性。通过学习,读者不仅可以掌握C语言的基础,还能了解其与其他高级语言的异同,为学习更复杂的编程概念打下坚实基础。
Versioning of constants and static readonly fields ........................................................................................294
Volatile fields.....................................................................................................................................................295
Field initialization.............................................................................................................................................296
Variable initializers ..........................................................................................................................................296
Static field initialization ...................................................................................................................................297
Instance field initialization...............................................................................................................................298
Methods .............................................................................................................................................................299
Method parameters ..........................................................................................................................................300
Value parameters..............................................................................................................................................301
Reference parameters.......................................................................................................................................302
Output parameters ...........................................................................................................................................303
Parameter arrays..............................................................................................................................................303
Static and instance methods ............................................................................................................................306
Virtual methods ................................................................................................................................................306
Override methods .............................................................................................................................................308
Sealed methods..................................................................................................................................................310
Abstract methods..............................................................................................................................................311
External methods..............................................................................................................................................312
Partial methods.................................................................................................................................................313
Extension methods............................................................................................................................................313
Method body .....................................................................................................................................................313
Method overloading..........................................................................................................................................314
Properties ..........................................................................................................................................................314
Static and instance properties .........................................................................................................................315
Accessors ...........................................................................................................................................................316
Automatically implemented properties ..........................................................................................................320
Accessibility.......................................................................................................................................................321
Virtual, sealed, override, and abstract accessors...........................................................................................322
Events.................................................................................................................................................................324
Field-like events ................................................................................................................................................326
Event accessors .................................................................................................................................................327
Static and instance events ................................................................................................................................328
Virtual, sealed, override, and abstract accessors...........................................................................................329
Indexers .............................................................................................................................................................329
Indexer overloading..........................................................................................................................................333
Operators...........................................................................................................................................................333
Unary operators................................................................................................................................................335
Binary operators...............................................................................................................................................335
Conversion operators .......................................................................................................................................336
Instance constructors .......................................................................................................................................338
Constructor initializers ....................................................................................................................................339
Instance variable initializers............................................................................................................................340
Constructor execution ......................................................................................................................................340
Default constructors .........................................................................................................................................342
Private constructors .........................................................................................................................................342
Optional instance constructor parameters.....................................................................................................343
Static constructors ............................................................................................................................................343
Destructors ........................................................................................................................................................345
Iterators .............................................................................................................................................................347
Enumerator interfaces .....................................................................................................................................347
Enumerable interfaces .....................................................................................................................................347
Yield type...........................................................................................................................................................347
Enumerator objects ..........................................................................................................................................347
The MoveNext method .....................................................................................................................................348
The Current property ......................................................................................................................................349
The Dispose method .........................................................................................................................................349
Enumerable objects ..........................................................................................................................................349
The GetEnumerator method ...........................................................................................................................350
Implementation example..................................................................................................................................350
11. Structs............................................................................................................................................................357
Struct declarations............................................................................................................................................357
Struct modifiers ................................................................................................................................................357
Partial modifier.................................................................................................................................................358
Struct interfaces................................................................................................................................................358
Struct body ........................................................................................................................................................358
Struct members.................................................................................................................................................358
Class and struct differences.............................................................................................................................358
Value semantics ................................................................................................................................................359
Inheritance ........................................................................................................................................................360
Assignment ........................................................................................................................................................360
Default values....................................................................................................................................................360
Boxing and unboxing........................................................................................................................................361
Meaning of this .................................................................................................................................................362
Field initializers ................................................................................................................................................363
Constructors......................................................................................................................................................363
Destructors ........................................................................................................................................................364
Static constructors ............................................................................................................................................364
Struct examples.................................................................................................................................................364
Database integer type .......................................................................................................................................364
Database boolean type......................................................................................................................................366
12. Arrays ............................................................................................................................................................369
Array types........................................................................................................................................................369
The type ..........................................................................................................................................................370
Arrays and the generic IList interface............................................................................................................370
Array creation...................................................................................................................................................370
Array element access........................................................................................................................................371
Array members.................................................................................................................................................371
Array covariance ..............................................................................................................................................371
Array initializers...............................................................................................................................................371
13. Interfaces .......................................................................................................................................................375
Interface declarations.......................................................................................................................................375
Interface modifiers ...........................................................................................................................................375
Partial modifier.................................................................................................................................................375
Base interfaces ..................................................................................................................................................376
Interface body ...................................................................................................................................................376
Interface members............................................................................................................................................376
Interface methods .............................................................................................................................................378
Interface properties ..........................................................................................................................................378
Interface events.................................................................................................................................................378
Interface indexers .............................................................................................................................................378
Interface member access ..................................................................................................................................379
Fully qualified interface member names........................................................................................................380
Interface implementations ...............................................................................................................................381
Explicit interface member implementations ..................................................................................................382
Uniqueness of implemented interfaces ...........................................................................................................384
Implementation of generic methods................................................................................................................385
Interface mapping ............................................................................................................................................385
Interface implementation inheritance ............................................................................................................388
Interface re-implementation............................................................................................................................389
Abstract classes and interfaces........................................................................................................................391
14. Enums ............................................................................................................................................................393
Enum declarations............................................................................................................................................393
Enum modifiers ................................................................................................................................................393
Enum members.................................................................................................................................................394
The type ..........................................................................................................................................................396
Enum values and operations............................................................................................................................396
15. Delegates........................................................................................................................................................397
Delegate declarations........................................................................................................................................397
Delegate compatibility......................................................................................................................................399
Delegate instantiation.......................................................................................................................................399
Delegate invocation...........................................................................................................................................400
16. Exceptions .....................................................................................................................................................403
Causes of exceptions .........................................................................................................................................403
The class .........................................................................................................................................................403
How exceptions are handled ............................................................................................................................403
Common Exception Classes.............................................................................................................................404
17. Attributes.......................................................................................................................................................407
Attribute classes................................................................................................................................................407
Attribute usage..................................................................................................................................................407
Positional and named parameters...................................................................................................................408
Attribute parameter types ...............................................................................................................................409
Attribute specification......................................................................................................................................409
Attribute instances............................................................................................................................................414
Compilation of an attribute .............................................................................................................................415
Run-time retrieval of an attribute instance....................................................................................................415
Reserved attributes...........................................................................................................................................415
The AttributeUsage attribute ..........................................................................................................................415
The Conditional attribute ................................................................................................................................416
Conditional methods ........................................................................................................................................416
Conditional attribute classes ...........................................................................................................................418
The Obsolete attribute .....................................................................................................................................419
Attributes for Interoperation ..........................................................................................................................420
Interoperation with COM and Win32 components ......................................................................................421
Interoperation with other .NET languages ....................................................................................................421
The IndexerName attribute .............................................................................................................................421
18. Unsafe code....................................................................................................................................................423
Unsafe contexts .................................................................................................................................................423
Pointer types......................................................................................................................................................425
Fixed and moveable variables .........................................................................................................................428
Pointer conversions ..........................................................................................................................................428
Pointers in expressions .....................................................................................................................................429
Pointer indirection............................................................................................................................................430
Pointer member access.....................................................................................................................................430
Pointer element access......................................................................................................................................431
The address-of operator...................................................................................................................................432
Pointer increment and decrement...................................................................................................................433
Pointer arithmetic.............................................................................................................................................433
Pointer comparison ..........................................................................................................................................434
The sizeof operator ...........................................................................................................................................434
The fixed statement ..........................................................................................................................................435
Fixed size buffers ..............................................................................................................................................438
Fixed size buffer declarations..........................................................................................................................438
Fixed size buffers in expressions .....................................................................................................................440
Definite assignment checking ..........................................................................................................................440
Stack allocation.................................................................................................................................................441
Dynamic memory allocation............................................................................................................................442
A. Documentation comments.............................................................................................................................445
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................445
Recommended tags...........................................................................................................................................446
<c>......................................................................................................................................................................447
<code>................................................................................................................................................................447
<example> .........................................................................................................................................................448
<exception> .......................................................................................................................................................448
<include> ...........................................................................................................................................................449
<list> ..................................................................................................................................................................449
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