入门DirectX 11游戏编程指南

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"Beginning DirectX 11 Game Programming" 是一本由Allen Sherrod和Wendy Jones合著的书籍，由Course Technology PTR（属于Cengage Learning的一部分）出版。这本书旨在引导初学者进入DirectX 11游戏编程的世界。 DirectX是微软开发的一套应用程序接口（API），主要用于Windows平台上的多媒体应用，尤其是游戏开发。DirectX 11是其一个重要的版本，提供了更高效、功能更强大的图形处理能力，支持更多的硬件特性，如多线程、计算着色器、纹理采样器状态对象等。本书的内容可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **Direct3D基础**：介绍了Direct3D的核心概念，包括设备创建、上下文、交换链、渲染目标、深度缓冲和视口设置等，这些都是构建3D图形的基础。 2. **图元与几何**：讲解如何使用顶点缓冲来存储和绘制几何形状，包括点、线和三角形等基本图元。 3. **顶点着色器和像素着色器**：深入探讨着色器模型，如何编写和使用HLSL（高级着色语言）来实现顶点变换和像素颜色计算。 4. **纹理贴图**：介绍如何加载和应用纹理到3D模型上，以增加视觉效果。 5. **光照和阴影**：解释如何模拟真实世界中的光照效果，以及如何实现基本的阴影技术。 6. **深度缓冲和裁剪**：讲述如何使用深度缓冲进行空间剔除，以及视锥体裁剪等优化技术。 7. **多线程编程**：DirectX 11支持多线程，书里可能讨论了如何利用多核处理器来提高游戏性能。 8. **计算着色器**：利用GPU进行通用计算，如物理模拟、人工智能或图像处理。 9. **DirectX资源管理**：如何有效地创建、管理和释放DirectX资源，如纹理、缓冲和着色器。 10. **输入系统**：介绍如何处理用户的输入，如键盘、鼠标和游戏手柄，以实现游戏控制。 11. **声音和多媒体**：DirectX还包含了音频处理部分，可能会涉及如何播放和处理音频文件。 12. **DirectX与游戏引擎**：可能讨论了如何将DirectX技术与游戏引擎框架结合，如Unreal Engine或Unity。 13. **调试和优化**：介绍如何使用调试工具进行问题排查，并提供性能优化技巧。本书的技术审阅者是Wendy Jones，这确保了内容的专业性和准确性。整体而言，" Beginning DirectX 11 Game Programming" 是一个全面的教程，适合那些希望踏入游戏开发领域的初学者，通过学习本书，读者可以掌握DirectX 11的基本用法并开始自己的游戏编程之旅。

hardware, and a powerful API that was being hyped by one of the most

influential software giants in the world.

The most apparent removal in Direct3D 10 was the fixed-function pipeline,

which is essentially a set of rendering states and algorithms built into the API

that allowed for the rendering of objects using common effects. The fixed-

function pipeline was removed in favor of programmable shaders within

graphics hardware. Graphics shaders, which will be discussed throughout this

book, are code written specifically to customize how the graphics hardware

processes geometry. Graphics shaders were first introduced in DirectX 8, but

since then graphics hardware and the Shader Models that they run have evolved

to a point where they have become the star of the API.

In Direct3D 9 we can render geometry, enable lighting by setting a few

properties and rendering states, have the API transform our geometry, and so

forth by calling a few Direct3D function calls. In Direct3D 10 we can do all of

that ourselves and much more in shaders. The key thing for beginners to keep in

mind if this is their first time learning graphics prog ramming is that the fixed-

function pipeline was limited to whatever was built into the API, whereas

shaders allow us to create any effect, limited only by the frame-rate we deem

desirable in our games . Want lighting? Call a Direct3D function to enable it and

set its properties (up to eight lights). Want to render surfaces with more than

one image? Just enable it. If, however, you wish to perform pixel-based motion

blur and depth-of-field, you are out of luck using the fixed-function pipeline.

Often if the fixed-function pipeline does not explicitly support it and you are not

using shaders, you cannot create the effect you want. Although some coders

have found tricks and workarounds to getting some effects created without

shaders, it was often a very difficult and inefficient workaround. I remember

these times well and do not miss them.

Today, if we want to perform bump mapping, we can write a pixel shader that

takes the light direction, performs a calculation using it and the pixel-level

surface direction loaded from a special image known as a normal map, and

combine that with the shading of the final pixel’s color. In the days before

shaders, or even when shaders were limited in the feature s they provided (such

as the dark ages of register combiners for early versions of OpenGL), this was

impossible, and doing even simple effects like normal mapping back then was

What Is DirectX? 3

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DirectX 11 versus OpenGL 4.0

OpenGL has long been considered a rival graphics API to Direct3D. OpenGL

supports platforms outside of Windows-based operating systems, such as Mac

computers, Linux OSs, Apple ’s iPhone and iPad, Sony’s Playstation 3 (an

implementation at least), and a variety of mobile devices such as cell phones

and PDAs, along with other platforms. Although the native device creation of

OpenGL can differ from one platform to another, the rest of the API is

considered platform independent, not including the long history of hardware-

specific extensions and features from competing entities within the OpenGL

camp. DirectX, on the other hand, is available on the various Windows OSs and

the Xbox game consoles. To be considered DirectX 10 or 11 compatible,

hardware must adhere to a strict compatibility list, whereas prior to DirectX

10 this was not always the case. In the case of OpenGL this often led to vendor-

specific extensions that worked on limited hardware. Incompatibilities within

the hardware market caused rework when trying to achieve the same result on

all supported devices.

The whole Direct3D versus OpenGL debate can often seem like a religious one,

but the fact is that for many years OpenGL has lagged behind Direct3D.

Microsoft has done a great job evolving Direct3D and improving it throughout

the years, but OpenGL has only lagged behind, not keeping its promises as each

new version is released, and time and time again has suffered from the same

problems of yesteryear. When OpenGL 3.0 was first announced, it was thought

that OpenGL would finally move back into a position to rival Direct3D.

Unfortunately, the world of OpenGL has gone through its share of ups and

downs, both within the group behind it and with how the API stacked against

Direct3D, and Direct3D has continued to dominate.

OpenGL 4.0 catches up to many of the publicized features of DirectX 11, most

notably through the support of general-purpose computing using OpenCL and

tessellation, and is positioning itself to be a step closer to the promises that were

never delivered in the past, most notably with OpenGL 2.0 and OpenGL 3.0.

Although OpenGL is not out of the race yet, it unfortunately needs a lot of work

to not only truly rival DirectX but also to win back the hearts and minds of

many of us who turned to Direct3D once OpenGL’s faults became too

numerous. Even if the API catches up, the graphics API race is a lot like high

school where the popular kid wins the election.

What Is DirectX? 5

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Why Is DirectX Needed?

Before the release of the Windows operating system, developers were writing

games for DOS. This single-threaded, non-GUI operating system provided

developers with a direct path between their application code and the hardware

it was running on. This had both its advantages and problems. For instance,

because there was a direct path between the game code and the hardware,

developers could pull every ounce of power out of the machine, giving them

complete control over how their game performed. The downside included the

need to either write directly to the hardware or use a variety of third-party

libraries for any hardware they wanted their game title to support, including

even common hardware such as video and sound cards.

Video cards were especially confusing because not all video cards followed the

same standard. Even though most video cards supported a series of common

resolutions, developers were forced to access video memory directly. This made

even drawing to the screen difficult. Developers were definitely looking for a

better and easier way.

When Windows 3.1 was released, it carried with it the same limitations that

DOS had. Since Windo ws ran on top of DOS, it severely limited the resources

available to games and took away the direct access developers had enjoyed for so

long. Most games written to support Windows at the time consisted mainly of

card and board games, while most games continued to support DOS only.

Microsoft released DX1 as a way of enticing developers to make games for

Windows to prove that the OS wasn’t slow and move people away from DOS-

based systems.

Microsoft’s release of Windows 95 didn’t eliminate any of these problems until

the release of DirectX 1, also known as the Windows Games SDK. It gave

developers a single library to write to, placing a common layer between their

game and the PC hardware; drawing graphics to the screen had just become a

whole lot easier. The first version of DirectX still didn’t provide support for all

the hardware out there, but it was a great starting point in giving game

developers what they had been waiting for. Over the years, there have been

multiple releases of DirectX, each one improving and adding support for new

technologies such as network play, streaming audio, and new kinds of input

6 Chapter 1

The What, Why, and How of DirectX

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