HDL模型功能验证：撰写测试台架指南

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《编写测试台：HDL模型的功能验证》是一本深入探讨硬件描述语言（HDL）在设计验证中的关键作用的专业书籍，由Janick Bergeron撰写，由Kluwer Academic Publishers出版。这本书旨在增强读者对HDL的理解，并通过实际的测试台编写技巧来提升HDL设计验证能力，是HDL技术学习者的重要补充资料。本书的开篇首先定义了什么是测试台。测试台，即测试 benches，在HDL设计中，是一个用于模拟和驱动系统功能、检查其正确性的软件或硬件组件。它允许设计者在实际硬件部署之前，对电路行为进行严格的模拟和验证，确保设计满足预期性能和功能。章节一详述了测试台的重要性。作者强调，随着复杂度的增加，对HDL模型的正确性和一致性进行有效验证变得愈发关键。测试台作为设计验证过程中的核心工具，能帮助设计师发现潜在错误、优化设计效率并确保最终产品符合标准和规范。书中还涵盖了如何编写功能验证的测试台，包括但不限于设计测试用例、设置边界条件、模拟输入和期望输出的管理，以及使用VHDL和Verilog等常见HDL语言进行实现。对于初学者来说，可能会介绍基本的编程结构、模块化设计原则以及如何利用这些语言提供的调试工具进行调试。此外，书中的章节可能还会讨论验证策略，如覆盖率分析，以及如何将测试台与仿真器、硬件描述语言编译器和综合工具集成，以实现无缝验证流程。书中可能会包含一些案例研究，通过具体的项目演示测试台的构建和应用，帮助读者掌握实践技能。阅读这本书需要具备一定的数字逻辑设计和HDL基础，如了解基本的数字电路概念、熟悉HDL语法和编程思想。对于那些希望深化HDL设计验证理解，或是准备进行系统级验证的工程师而言，这本书是一份宝贵的参考资料。作者还会推荐相关的阅读路径和资源，以帮助读者根据自身需求选择适合的学习路径。《编写测试台：HDL模型的功能验证》是一本实用的指南，不仅提供了理论知识，还提供了实践经验，对于HDL工程师在实际工作中的测试台开发和功能验证有着重要的参考价值。

With gate counts and system complexity growing exponentially,

engineers confront the most perplexing challenge in product

design: functional verification. The bulk of the time consumed in

the design of new ICs and systems is now spent on verification.

New and interesting design technologies like physical synthesis and

design reuse that create ever-larger designs only aggravate the

problem. What the EDA tool industry has continuously failed to

realize is that the real problem is not how to create a 12 million gate

IC that runs at 600 MHz, but how to verify it.

The true path to rapid and accurate system verification includes

both tool and methodology innovation. Engineers are compelled to

use the best verification and design tools available to shorten design

cycle time. But it is a grave mistake to assume that simply having

the best tools will result in quality ICs and systems that meet mar-

ket demands and mitigate competitive pressures. Indeed, the best

determinant of successful IC and system design is how the engineer

approaches the problem. The vast majority of engineers still

approach verification using methods dating back a dozen years or

more. If dramatic improvement in verification efficiency is to come

about, real change in the way engineers approach verification is

mandatory and urgent.

A review of available texts on verification reveals a lack of mature

knowledge and leadership on the topic: the EDA tool industry is

conspicuously silent. This text marks the first genuine effort at

Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models

FOREWORD

Preface

Basic language textbooks appeared early in the life of hardware

description languages. They continue to appear as the presentation

styles are refined to facilitate their understanding or as they are

tuned to a particular audience. But the benefits of additional lan-

guage textbooks is quickly diminishing.

Since the introduction of hardware description languages and logic

synthesis technology in the mid 80’s, a lot of expertise on coding

styles and synthesis methodologies has been developed to obtain

desired results. A lot of that expertise has been presented at confer-

ences, has been codified in textbooks, and is available as introduc-

tory and advanced training classes. Early language-focused

textbooks were re-edited to include chapters on synthesizeable cod-

ing and many books entirely devoted to that topic now exist. The

synthesis process, although complex, is now well understood and

many resources are available to communicate that understanding.

Standard procedures and techniques have been developed to pre-

dictably produce adequate results.

At the time I started writing this book, it was going to be the first

book specifically devoted to verification techniques for hardware

models. I will introduce you to the latest verification techniques

that have been successfully used to produce first-time-right ASICs,

Systems-on-a-Chip (SoC), boards, and entire systems.

WHAT THIS BOOK IS ABOUT

I will first introduce the necessary concepts and tools of verifica-

tion, then I’ll describe a process for carrying out an effective func-

tional verification of a design. It is necessary to cover some

language semantics that are often overlooked or oversimplified in

textbooks intent on describing the synthesizeable subset. These

unfamiliar semantics become important in understanding what

makes a well-implemented and robust testbench and in providing

the necessary control and monitor features.

I will also present techniques for applying stimulus and monitoring

the response of a design, by abstracting the operations using bus-

functional models. The architecture of testbenches built around

these bus-functional models is important to minimize development

and maintenance effort.

xviii

Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models

What Prior Knowledge You Should Have

Behavioral modeling is another important concept presented in this

book. It is used to parallelize the implementation and verification of

a design and to perform more efficient simulations. For many,

behavioral modeling is synonymous with synthesizeable or RTL

modeling. In this book, the term “behavioral” is used to describe

any model that adequately emulates the functionality of a design,

usually using non-synthesizeable constructs and coding style.

WHAT PRIOR KNOWLEDGE YOU SHOULD HAVE

This book focuses on the functional verification of hardware

designs using either VHDL or Verilog. I expect the reader to have

at least a basic knowledge of one of the languages. Ideally, you

should have experience in writing synthesizeable models and be

familiar with running a simulation using any of the available

VHDL or Verilog simulators. There will be no description of lan-

guage syntax or grammar. It may be a good idea to have a copy of a

language-focused textbook as a reference along with this book

. I

do not describe the synthesizeable subset, nor limit the implementa-

tion of the verification techniques to using that subset. Verification

is a complex task: the power of either language will be used to their

fullest.

I also expect that you have a basic understanding of digital hard-

ware design. This book uses several hypothetical designs from var-

ious domains of application (video, datacom, computing, etc.).

How these designs are actually specified, architected, then imple-

mented is beyond the scope of this book. The content focuses on the

specification, architecture, then implementation of the verification

of these same designs.

1. For Verilog, I recommend The Verilog Hardware Description Language

by Thomas & Moorby, 3rd edition or later (Kluwer Academic Pub-

lisher). For VHDL, I recommend VHDL Coding Styles and Methodolo-

gies by Ben Cohen (Kluwer Academic Publisher).

Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models

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