Eclipse实战指南：Web开发者入门与扩展

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《Eclipse in Action》是一本由David Gallardo、Ed Burnette和Robert McGovern合著的指南，专为Web开发者设计，版权为2003年Manning Publications所有。该书分为两个部分：第一部分是介绍如何使用Eclipse，第二部分则涵盖了如何扩展Eclipse的功能。在第一部分，第一章"概述"中，作者简要回顾了Eclipse的发展历程。Eclipse最初起源于一群富有创新精神的开发者的共同愿景，他们希望创建一个跨平台、集成且可扩展的开发环境。本书从Eclipse.org联盟的角度出发，阐述了Eclipse的设计理念，强调其模块化、开放源代码以及高度可定制的特点。这部分还展望了Eclipse技术的未来发展趋势，让读者了解它为何成为Java开发者首选的IDE（集成开发环境）之一。接下来的章节分别深入讲解了如何利用Eclipse工作台进行开发。第二章"入门Eclipse工作台"着重于新手如何开始使用Eclipse的工作环境，包括界面介绍和基本操作。第三章讨论了Java开发周期，即测试、编码和重复的过程，并展示了Eclipse如何支持这一流程中的各个环节，如调试和版本控制。第四章"在Eclipse中处理源代码"详细介绍了Eclipse对代码编辑、管理以及代码结构的支持，使开发者能够高效地编写和维护高质量的代码。第五章"使用Ant构建工具"讲述了如何利用Ant与Eclipse集成，自动化项目构建过程，提升开发效率。第六章涉及版本控制，介绍了如何通过Eclipse与CVS集成，管理代码版本和团队协作。第二部分"扩展Eclipse"探讨了如何利用插件来增强Eclipse的功能。第八章"Eclipse插件入门"为读者揭示了插件的基础概念，解释了插件如何扩展Eclipse的功能范围。第九章"在Eclipse中使用插件"进一步介绍了如何查找、安装和配置插件，以及如何编写自己的插件以满足特定需求。附录部分提供了实用参考资料，例如Javaperspective菜单参考、CVS安装步骤、插件扩展点的使用指南，以及对Swing用户界面库（SWT）和Java Foundation Classes（JFace）的简介，这些都是开发者在实际工作中不可或缺的知识。《Eclipse in Action》是一本实用的指南，不仅帮助新用户快速上手Eclipse，也适合经验丰富的开发者深入理解并扩展Eclipse的功能，使其成为更符合个人和团队需求的强大开发工具。

Eclipse overview 15

workspace directory, these are a fairly safe bet. You can find out more about the

Eclipse team’s development plans and the development schedule at http://

www.eclipse.org/eclipse/development/main.html.

After you choose and download the best version for you, Eclipse installation

consists of unzipping (or untarring, or whatever the equivalent is on your plat-

form) the downloaded file to a directory on your hard disk. Eclipse, you’ll be

happy to learn, won’t infect your system by changing your registry, altering your

environment variables, or requiring you to re-boot. The only drawback is that

you’ll have to navigate your filesystem searching for the Eclipse executable to

start it. If you don’t want to do this each time you use Eclipse, you can create a

shortcut to it, or put it on your path. For example, in Windows, after you find the

Eclipse executable (eclipse.exe) using the Windows Explorer, right-click on it and

select Create Shortcut. Doing so will create a shortcut in the Eclipse directory

that you can drag to your desktop or system tray. On Linux and

UNIX

platforms,

you can either add the Eclipse directory to your path or create a symbolic link

(using

–s

) for the executable in a directory already in your path (for instance,

/home/<user>/bin).

2.2 Eclipse overview

The first time you start Eclipse, it will ask you to wait while it completes the instal-

lation. This step (which only takes a moment) creates a workspace directory under-

neath the Eclipse directory. By default, all your work will be saved in this directory.

If you believe in backing up your work on a regular basis (and you should), this is

the directory to back up. This is also the directory to take with you when you

upgrade to a new version of Eclipse.

You need to check the release notes for the new release to make sure it sup-

ports workspaces from prior versions; but barring any incompatibility, after you

unzip the new version of Eclipse, simply copy the old workspace subdirectory to

the new Eclipse directory. (Note that all your preferences and save perspectives

will also be available to you, because they are stored in the workspace directory.)

2.2.1 Projects and folders

It’s important to know where your files are located on your hard disk, in case you

want to work with them manually, copy them, or see how much space they take

up. However, native filesystems vary from operating system to operating system,

which presents a problem for programs that must work consistently on different

operating systems. Eclipse solves this problem by providing a level of abstraction

CHAPTER 2

Eclipse Workbench

above the native filesystem. That is, it doesn’t use a hierarchy of directories and

subdirectories, each of which contains files; instead, Eclipse uses projects at the

highest level, and it uses folders under the projects.

Projects, by default, correspond to subdirectories in the workspace directory,

and folders correspond to subdirectories of the project folder; but in general,

when you’re working within Eclipse, you won’t be aware of the filesystem. Unless

you perform an operation such as importing a file from the filesystem, you won’t

be exposed to a traditional file open dialog box, for example. Everything in an

Eclipse project exists within a self-contained, platform-neutral hierarchy.

2.2.2 The Eclipse Workbench

Eclipse is made up of components, and the fundamental component is the Eclipse

Workbench. This is the main window that appears when you start Eclipse. The

Workbench has one simple job to do: to allow you to work with projects. It doesn’t

know anything about editing, running, or debugging Java programs; it only

knows how to navigate projects and resources (such as files and folders). Any tasks

it can’t handle, it delegates to other components, such as the Java Development

Tools (

JDT

Perspectives, views, and editors

The Eclipse Workbench is a single application window that at any given time

contains a number of different types of panes called views plus one special pane,

the editor. In some cases, a single pane may contain a group of views in a tabbed

notebook. Depending on the perspective, one pane might contain a console win-

dow while another might contain an outline of the currently selected project.

The primary component of every perspective, however, is the editor.

Just as there are different types of documents, there are different types of edi-

tors. When you select (or create) a document in Eclipse, Eclipse does its best to

open the document using the most appropriate editor. If it’s a simple text docu-

ment, the document will be opened using Eclipse’s built-in text editor. If it’s a Java

source file, it will be opened using the

JDT

’s Java editor, which has special features

such as the ability to check syntax as code is typed. If it’s a Microsoft Word docu-

ment on a Windows computer and Word is installed, the document will be opened

using Word inside Eclipse, by means of object linking and embedding (

OLE

You don’t directly choose each of the different views in the Workbench or how

they are arranged. Instead, Eclipse provides several preselected sets of views

arranged in a predetermined way; they are called perspectives, and they can be

customized to suit your needs.

CHAPTER 2

Eclipse Workbench

be empty, of course; but, as you’ll see, it is the starting point for creating projects

and working with Eclipse.

Within the Workbench, as you work, you can choose among the different per-

spectives by selecting Window→Open Perspective. Eclipse will also change the

perspective automatically, when appropriate—such as changing from the Java

perspective to the Debug perspective when you choose to debug a program from

the Eclipse menu.

Menus and toolbars

In addition to perspective, views, and editors, several other features of the Work-

bench user interface (

) are worth mentioning: the main menu, the main toolbar,

and the shortcut toolbar. Like the views and editors in a perspective, the Work-

bench’s menu and toolbar can change depending on the tasks and features avail-

able in the current perspective.

The Eclipse main menu appears at the top of the Workbench window, below

the title bar (unless you are using a Macintosh, in which case the menu appears,

Mac style, at the top of the screen). You can invoke most actions in Eclipse from

the main menu or its submenus. For example, if the document HelloWorld.java

is currently being edited, you can save it by selecting File→Save HelloWorld.java

from the main menu.

Below the main menu is a toolbar called the main toolbar, which contains but-

tons that provide convenient shortcuts for commonly performed actions. One,

for example, is an icon representing a floppy disk, which saves the contents of

the document that is currently being edited (like the File→Save menu selection).

These tool buttons don’t display labels to indicate what they do unless you posi-

tion the mouse pointer over them; doing so causes a short text description to

display as a hovering tool tip.

Along the left side of the screen is another toolbar called the shortcut toolbar.

The buttons here provide a quick way to open a new perspective and switch

between perspectives. The top button, Open a Perspective, is an alternative to

the Window→Open Perspective selection in the main menu. Below it is a short-

cut to the Resource perspective. As you open new perspectives, shortcuts to those

perspectives appear here, as well.

You can optionally add another type of shortcut to the shortcut toolbar: a Fast

View button. Fast Views provide a way to turn a view in a perspective into an icon—

similar to the way you can minimize a window in many applications. For exam-

ple, you may find that in the Resource perspective, you need to look at the Out-

line view only occasionally. To turn the Outline view into a Fast View icon, click

Eclipse overview 19

on the Outline icon in the view’s title bar and select Fast View from the menu that

appears. The Outline view is closed, and its icon appears in the shortcut toolbar.

Clicking on the icon alternately opens and closes the view. To restore the view in

its previous place in the perspective, right-click on the Fast View icon and select

Fast View.

In addition to the Workbench menu and toolbars, views can also have

menus. Every view has a menu you can select by clicking on its icon. This menu

lets you perform actions on the view’s window, such as maximizing it or closing

it. Generally this menu is not used for any other purpose. Views can also have a

view-specific menu, which is represented in the view’s title bar by a black trian-

gle. In the Resource perspective, the Navigator view has a menu that lets you set

sorting and filtering options.

Some views also have a toolbar. In the Resource perspective, the Outline view

has tool buttons that let you toggle various display options on or off.

Changing perspectives

As you work in the Eclipse Workbench, you’ll occasionally find that the different

views aren’t quite the right size for the work you’re doing—perhaps your source

code is too wide for the editor area. The solution is to click on the left or right

window border and drag it so the window is the right size.

Sometimes you may want to supersize a view temporarily by double-clicking on

the title bar; this will maximize it within the Eclipse Workbench. Double-clicking

on the title bar again will reduce it back to its regular size.

You can also move views around by dragging them using their title bars. Drag-

ging one view on top of another will cause them to appear as a single tabbed note-

book of views. Selecting a view in a notebook is like selecting a document in the

editor pane: Click its tab at the top or bottom of the notebook. Dragging a view

below, above, or beside another view will cause the views to dock—the space occu-

pied by the stationary view will be redistributed between the stationary view and

the view you are dragging into place. As you drag the window you want to move,

the mouse pointer will become a black arrow whenever it is over a window bound-

ary, indicating that docking is allowed. For example, if you want to make the edi-

tor area taller in the Resource perspective, drag the Task view below the Outline

view so the Navigator, Outline, and Task views share a single column on the left

side of the screen.

In addition to moving views around, you can remove a view from a perspective

by selecting Close from the view’s title bar menu. You can also add a new view to

a perspective by selecting Window→Show View from the main Eclipse menu.

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