2015年Debian官方手册：最新版本指南

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《Debian管理员手册》是由Raphaël Hertzog和Roland Mas共同编写的权威指南，截至2015年7月10日，这是官方发布的最新版本。该手册涵盖了 Debian 操作系统的深入管理和维护知识，适合系统管理员、开发者以及对自由软件感兴趣的用户参考。该书版权自2003年至2013年分别由两位作者持有，同时，自2006年至2013年，还包括了Freexian SARL的版权。它以纸版和电子版两种形式发行，纸版的国际标准书号为979-10-91414-02-9（英文），电子版的书号为979-10-91414-03-6。值得注意的是，这本书遵循的是与 Debian 自由软件指导原则兼容的软件许可条款，强调了开源精神。此手册遵循Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License，这意味着读者可以免费获取并根据Creative Commons协议进行非商业性使用，也可以修改作品并分享，但需保持原作者的署名和同样授权条件。此外，还提供GNU General Public License (GPL)版本2或更高版本的授权，强调这是一种自由文档，允许用户在没有商业限制的前提下自由传播和修改，但必须保留版权信息，并确保在可能的情况下，让用户了解他们享有的权利和责任。书中内容广泛，包括但不限于基础安装、系统管理、软件包管理、网络配置、安全设置、性能优化以及与Debian社区的互动等。它不仅是一本技术手册，也是Debian用户社区的重要参考资料。由于版权原因，如果你在使用本书时未能获得GNU General Public License的副本，建议你访问官方网站或联系作者获取授权许可。《Debian管理员手册》作为一本实用且权威的文档，对于想要深入理解并掌握Debian操作系统的人来说，无论是进行日常运维还是参与项目开发，都是不可或缺的工具。它的存在体现了开源社区的协作精神，以及对自由软件理念的坚守。

other mainstream Free Software distributions, or even of popular proprietary operating systems.

Chances are that you can associate each of them with a large company that is either the main de-

velopment force behind the project, or at the very least the steward of all its non-development

activities. Debian is different. Within the Debian Project volunteers pick on themselves the re-

sponsibilities of all the activities that are needed to keep Debian alive and kicking. The variety

of those activities is stunning: from translations to system administration, from marketing to

management, from conference organization to artwork design, from bookkeeping to legal is-

sues, ... not to mention software packaging and development! Debian contributors take care of

all of these.

As a first consequence of this radical form of independence, Debian needs and relies on a very

diverse community of volunteers. Any skill in any of the above areas, or others you can imagine,

can be invested into Debian and will be used to improve the project. A second consequence of

Debian independence is that Debian's choices can be trusted not to be driven by the commercial

interests of specific companies — interests that we have no guarantee will always be aligned with

the goal of promoting people's control over machines, as too many recent examples in the tech

news testify.

One last aspect contributes to Debian's uniqueness: the way in which the social experiment

is run. Despite the folklore of being bureaucratic, decision making in Debian is in fact highly

unstructured, almost anarchic. There exist clearly defined areas of responsibility within the

project. People in charge of those areas are free to drive their own boat. As long as they keep up

with the quality requirements agreed upon by the community, no one can tell them what to do

or how to do their job. If you want to have a say on how something is done in Debian, you need

to put yourself on the line and be ready to take the job on your shoulders. This peculiar form

of meritocracy — which we sometimes call do-ocracy — is very empowering for contributors.

Anyone with enough skills, time, and motivation can have a real impact on the direction the

project is taking. This is testified by a population of about 1 000 official members of the Debian

Project, and several thousands of contributors world-wide. It is no wonder that Debian is often

credited as the largest community-driven Free Software project in existence.

So Debian is quite unique. Are we the only ones noticing this? Definitely not. According to

DistroWatch

there are about 300 active Free Software distributions around. Half of that (about

140) are Debian derivatives. That means that they start from Debian, adapt it to fit the needs of

their users — usually by adding, modifying, and rebuilding packages — and release the resulting

product. In essence, derivatives apply the Free Software granted freedoms of modifying and

redistributing copies not only to individual pieces of software, but to a distribution as a whole.

The potential of reaching out to new Free Software users and contributors by the means of

derivative distributions is huge. We believe that it is mainly thanks to that thriving ecosystem

that Free Software is nowadays finally rivaling with proprietary software in fields which were

historically considered hard to conquer, such as large desktop deployments. Debian sits at the

root of the largest ecosystem of Free Software distributions in existence: even if you are not

using Debian directly, and even if your distributor has not told you, chances are that you are

benefiting right now from the work of the Debian community.

http://distrowatch.com/

XVI

The Debian Administrator's Handbook

But Debian's uniqueness sometimes comes with unexpected consequences. A consequence of

Debian's vision on digital freedoms has been the need of redefining what we mean by software.

The Debian Project has since long realized that, as part of an operating system, you need to

distribute a lot of non-software material: music, images, documentation, raw data, firmware,

etc. But how do you apply software freedoms to that material? Should we have different re-

quirements or should all material be held up to the same high standard of freedom? The Debian

Project has decided for the latter: all material shipped as part of Debian should offer the same

freedoms to its users. Such a radical philosophical position has far reaching effects. It means we

cannot distribute non-free firmware, or artwork not meant to be used in commercial settings,

or books that cannot be modified in order to avoid tarnishing (as book publishers folklore goes)

the author/publisher reputation.

The book you have in your hands is different. It's a free as in freedom book, a book which is up

to Debian freedom standards for every aspects of your digital life. For a very long time, the

scarce availability of books like this one has been a significant shortcoming of Debian. It meant

that that there was little reading material that help spreading Debian and its values, while at

the same time embodying those values and showing off their advantages. But it also meant,

ironically, that we had little such material that we could distribute as part of Debian itself. This

is the first reputable book to address this shortcoming. You can apt-get install this book,

you can redistribute it, you can fork this book or, better, submit bug reports and patches for

it, so that other in the future can benefit from your contributions. The “maintainers” of this

book — who are also its authors — are longstanding members of the Debian Project, who grok

the freedom ethos that permeates every aspect of Debian and know first-hand what it means to

take on the responsibility for important parts of Debian. By releasing this Free book they are

doing, once more, such a wonderful service to the Debian community.

We hope you will enjoy this cornerstone of Debian reading Freedom as much as we did.

November 2013

Stefano Zacchiroli (Debian Project Leader 2010-2013)

Lucas Nussbaum (Debian Project Leader 2013-incumbent)

XVII

Preface

Foreword

Linux has been garnering strength for a number of years now, and its growing popularity drives

more and more users to make the jump. The first step on that path is to pick a distribution.

This is an important decision, because each distribution has its own peculiarities, and future

migration costs can be avoided if the right choice is made from the start.

BACK TO BASICS

Linux distribution, Linux

kernel

Strictly speaking, Linux is only a kernel, the core piece of soware which sits

between the hardware and the applications.

A “Linux distribution” is a full operating system; it usually includes the Linux

kernel, an installer program, and most importantly applications and other

soware required to turn a computer into a tool that is actually useful.

Debian GNU/Linux is a “generic” Linux distribution that fits most users. The purpose of this

book is to show its many aspects so you can make an informed decision when choosing.

Why This Book?

CULTURE

Commercial distributions

Most Linux distributions are backed by a for-profit company that develops

them and sells them under some kind of commercial scheme. Examples in-

clude Ubuntu, mainly developed by Canonical Ltd.; Mandriva Linux, by French

company Mandriva SA; and Suse Linux, maintained and made commercially

available by Novell.

At the other end of the spectrum lie the likes of Debian and the Apache So-

ware Foundation (which hosts the development for the Apache web server).

Debian is above all a project in the Free Soware world, implemented by vol-

unteers working together through the Internet. While some of them do work

on Debian as part of their paid job in various companies, the project as a whole

is not aached to any company in particular, nor does any one company have

a greater say in the project's aﬀairs than what purely volunteer contributors

have.

Linux has gathered a fair amount of media coverage over the years; it mostly benefits the distri-

butions supported by a real marketing department — in other words, company-backed distri-

butions (Ubuntu, RedHat, SUSE, Mandriva, and so on). But Debian is far from being a marginal

distribution; multiple studies have shown over the years that it is widely used both on servers

and on desktops. This is particularly true among webservers where Debian is the leading Linux

distribution.

è http://www.heise.de/open/artikel/Eingesetzte-Produkte-224518.html

è http://w3techs.com/blog/entry/debian_ubuntu_extend_the_dominance_in_the_

linux_web_server_market_at_the_expense_of_red_hat_centos

The purpose of this book is to help you discover this distribution. We hope to share the experi-

ence that we have gathered since we joined the project as developers and contributors in 1998

(Raphaël) and 2000 (Roland). With any luck, our enthusiasm will be communicative, and maybe

you will join us sometime…

The first edition of this book (in 2004) served to fill a gaping hole: it was the first French-

language book that focused exclusively on Debian. At that time, many other books were writ-

ten on the topic both for French-speaking and English-speaking readers. Unfortunately almost

none of them got updated, and over the years the situation slipped back to one where there

were very few good books on Debian. We hope that this book, which has started a new life with

its translation into English (and several translations from English into various other languages),

will fill this gap and help many users.

Who Is this Book For?

We tried to make this book useful for many categories of readers. First, systems administrators

(both beginners and experienced) will find explanations about the installation and deployment

of Debian on many computers. They will also get a glimpse of most of the services available on

Debian, along with matching configuration instructions and a description of the specifics com-

ing from the distribution. Understanding the mechanisms involved in Debian's development

will enable them to deal with unforeseen problems, knowing that they can always find help

within the community.

Users of another Linux distribution, or of another Unix variant, will discover the specifics of

Debian, and should become operational very quickly while benefiting fully from the unique

advantages of this distribution.

Finally, readers who already have some knowledge of Debian and want to know more about the

community behind it should see their expectations fulfilled. This book should make them much

closer to joining us as contributors.

General Approach

All of the generic documentation you can find about GNU/Linux also applies to Debian, since

Debian includes most common free software. However, the distribution brings many enhance-

ments, which is why we chose to primarily describe the “Debian way” of doing things.

It is interesting to follow the Debian recommendations, but it is even better to understand their

rationale. Therefore, we won't restrict ourselves to practical explanations only; we will also de-

The Debian Administrator's Handbook

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