gdb 6.0调试指南：C/C++源级调试详解

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"本教程文档是关于GNU Debugger (gdb) 的详细介绍，针对C/C++语言在Unix/Linux环境下的调试。作者包括Richard Stallman、Roland Pesch、Stan Shebs等人，适用于gdb版本6.0。该教程由Free Software Foundation出版，版权日期为2003年2月3日，遵循GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.1或其后续版本。文档详细介绍了gdb的功能、用法和调试技术，旨在帮助开发者理解和利用这个强大的源代码级调试工具。 gdb教程首先提供了gdb的概览，强调了其作为自由软件的重要性和对开发者的实用性。书中指出，gdb允许用户深入到程序的内部，检查变量值、执行代码、设置断点以及跟踪程序执行流程，这对于找出和修复软件错误至关重要。对于C/C++程序员来说，掌握gdb能够显著提升代码质量并加速问题定位。本教程覆盖的主题广泛，包括但不限于以下关键知识点： 1. gdb简介：介绍了gdb的基本概念，它是GNU项目的一部分，专为调试编译后的二进制文件而设计，支持多种编程语言。 2. 安装与启动：讲解如何在不同操作系统（如Unix/Linux）上安装gdb，并演示基本的命令行启动方式。 3. 基本操作：涵盖设置断点、单步执行、查看变量值、步进控制、数据类型和内存管理等核心操作。 4. 源代码与调试会话：介绍如何在gdb中加载和导航源代码，以及如何通过调试会话跟踪函数调用链。 5. 调试器高级特性：如条件断点、watchpoints、内存检查、堆栈跟踪、反汇编等高级功能的使用方法。 6. 调试工具链：结合gdb与其他工具（如valgrind、strace等）一起进行系统级调试。 7. 调试脚本与自动化：探讨如何编写gdb脚本来自动化重复任务，提高调试效率。 8. 错误处理与调试技巧：提供实用的调试策略和技巧，帮助读者处理复杂的问题场景。 9. 实战案例分析：通过实际项目示例，展示gdb在实际调试过程中的应用，使理论知识更具实践性。 10. 更新与反馈：鼓励用户向bug-gdb@gnu.org报告bug和提供反馈，促进gdb的持续改进。这本gdb教程文档为C/C++开发者提供了一套全面且深入的工具指南，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的程序员，都能从中获益匪浅。通过学习和实践，你可以更好地掌握gdb，提升代码调试的效率和准确性。"

4 Debugging with gdb

Hikichi and Tomoyuki Hasei contributed Sony/News OS 3 support. David Johnson con-

tributed Encore Umax support. Jyrki Kuoppala contributed Altos 3068 support. Jeﬀ

Law contributed HP PA and SOM support. Keith Packard contributed NS32K support.

Doug Rabson contributed Acorn Risc Machine support. Bob Rusk contributed Harris

Nighthawk CX-UX support. Chris Smith contributed Convex support (and Fortran de-

bugging). Jonathan Stone contributed Pyramid support. Michael Tiemann contributed

SPARC support. Tim Tucker contributed support for the Gould NP1 and Gould Powern-

ode. Pace Willison contributed Intel 386 support. Jay Vosburgh contributed Symmetry

support. Marko Mlinar contributed OpenRISC 1000 support.

Andreas Schwab contributed M68K gnu/Linux support.

Rich Schaefer and Peter Schauer helped with support of SunOS shared libraries.

Jay Fenlason and Roland McGrath ensured that gdb and GAS agree about several

machine instruction sets.

Patrick Duval, Ted Goldstein, Vikram Koka and Glenn Engel helped develop remote

debugging. Intel Corporation, Wind River Systems, AMD, and ARM contributed remote

debugging modules for the i960, VxWorks, A29K UDI, and RDI targets, respectively.

Brian Fox is the author of the readline libraries providing command-line editing and

command history.

Andrew Beers of SUNY Buﬀalo wrote the language-switching code, the Modula-2 sup-

port, and contributed the Languages chapter of this manual.

Fred Fish wrote most of the support for Unix System Vr4. He also enhanced the

command-completion support to cover C++ overloaded symbols.

Hitachi America, Ltd. s ponsored the support for H8/300, H8/500, and Super-H proces-

sors.

NEC sponsored the support for the v850, Vr4xxx, and Vr5xxx processors.

Mitsubishi sponsored the support for D10V, D30V, and M32R/D processors.

Toshiba sponsored the support for the TX39 Mips processor.

Matsushita sponsored the support for the MN10200 and MN10300 processors.

Fujitsu sponsored the support for SPARClite and FR30 processors.

Kung Hs u, Jeﬀ Law, and Rick Sladkey added support for hardware watchpoints.

Michael Snyder added support for tracepoints.

Stu Gross man wrote gdbserver.

Jim Kingdon, Peter Schauer, Ian Taylor, and Stu Grossman made nearly innumerable

bug ﬁxes and c leanups throughout gdb.

The following people at the Hewlett-Packard Company contributed supp ort for the PA-

RISC 2.0 architecture, HP-UX 10.20, 10.30, and 11.0 (narrow mode), HP’s implementation

of kernel threads, HP’s aC++ compiler, and the terminal user interface: Be n Krepp, Richard

Title, John Bishop, Susan Macchia, Kathy Mann, Satish Pai, India Paul, Steve Rehrauer,

and Elena Zannoni. Kim Haase provided HP-speciﬁc information in this manual.

DJ Delorie ported gdb to MS-DOS, for the DJGPP project. Robert Ho ehne made

signiﬁcant contributions to the DJGPP port.

Cygnus Solutions has sponsored gdb maintenance and much of its development since

1991. Cygnus engineers who have worked on gdb fulltime include Mark Alexander, Jim

Chapter 1: A Sample gdb Session 7

1 A Sample gdb Session

You can use this manual at your leisure to read all about gdb. Howe ver, a handful

of commands are enough to get started using the debugger. This chapter illustrates those

commands.

In this sample session, we emphasize user input like this: input, to make it easier to pick

out from the surrounding output.

One of the preliminary versions of gnu m4 (a generic macro processor) exhibits the

following bug: sometimes, when we change its quote strings from the default, the commands

used to capture one macro deﬁnition within another stop working. In the following short m4

session, we deﬁne a macro foo which expands to 0000; we then use the m4 built-in defn to

deﬁne bar as the same thing. However, when we change the open quote string to <QUOTE>

and the close quote string to <UNQUOTE>, the same procedure fails to deﬁne a new synonym

baz:

$ cd gnu/m4

$ ./m4

deﬁne(foo,0000)

foo

0000

deﬁne(bar,defn(‘foo’))

bar

0000

changequote(<QUOTE>,<UNQUOTE>)

deﬁne(baz,defn(<QUOTE>foo<UNQUOTE>))

baz

C-d

m4: End of input: 0: fatal error: EOF in string

Let us use gdb to try to see what is going on.

$ gdb m4

gdb is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies

of it under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see

the conditions.

There is absolutely no warranty for gdb; type "show warranty"

for details.

(gdb)

gdb reads only enough symbol data to know where to ﬁnd the rest when needed; as a result,

the ﬁrst prompt comes up very quickly. We now tell gdb to use a narrower display width

than usual, so that examples ﬁt in this manual.

(gdb) set width 70

We need to see how the m4 built-in changequote works. Having looked at the source, we

know the relevant subroutine is m4_changequote, so we set a breakpoint there with the

gdb break command.

(gdb) break m4 changequote

Breakpoint 1 at 0x62f4: file builtin.c, line 879.

Using the run command, we start m4 running under gdb control; as long as c ontrol does

not reach the m4_changequote subroutine, the program runs as usual:

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