深入理解Gradle：进阶指南

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"Gradle Beyond the Basics" 《Gradle Beyond the Basics》是由Tim Berglund撰写的一本关于Gradle高级用法的书籍，旨在帮助读者深入理解并掌握Gradle构建工具的高级特性。Gradle是一个强大的、灵活的开源构建系统，尤其在Java、Android和其他JVM语言的项目中广泛应用。这本书主要面向已经对Gradle基础有一定了解，希望通过学习更高级的用法来提升构建效率的开发者。本书的内容可能包括但不限于以下几个方面： 1. **Gradle脚本增强**：介绍如何编写更高效、可维护的构建脚本，可能涵盖Groovy和Kotlin DSL的使用，以及如何组织和模块化构建逻辑。 2. **依赖管理**：深入讲解Gradle的依赖解析机制，如何管理版本冲突，以及使用Maven和 Ivy仓库的技巧。 3. **插件开发与应用**：探讨如何自定义Gradle插件以满足特定项目需求，以及如何利用社区插件扩展Gradle功能。 4. **多项目构建**：介绍如何处理复杂的多项目结构，包括项目间的依赖关系和构建顺序管理。 5. **任务与工作流定制**：讲解如何创建和配置自定义任务，以及如何优化构建流程，实现增量构建和并行构建。 6. **Gradle性能优化**：提供关于如何减少构建时间的建议，包括缓存策略、配置缓存和本地化二进制库。 7. **持续集成与部署**：介绍与持续集成服务器（如Jenkins、Travis CI等）的集成，以及自动化部署策略。 8. **Gradle插件和API**：深入研究Gradle API，使开发者能够更好地理解和操作Gradle内部的工作机制。 9. **最佳实践与案例研究**：通过实际项目案例，展示如何在不同场景下应用Gradle的最佳实践。 10. **故障排查与调试**：提供在遇到问题时如何定位和解决的指导，包括日志分析和调试Gradle构建过程。这本书是针对有一定Gradle经验的开发者的进阶读物，通过学习，读者不仅可以深化对Gradle的理解，还能提升项目构建的效率和质量。无论是对于大型企业级项目还是个人开发项目，掌握这些高级技巧都能带来显著的效益。

from('config') {

exclude 'Development*.groovy'

}

into 'build/resources'

}

Transforming Directory Structure

The outcome of Example 1-4 is to put all source files into one flat directory, build/

resources. Of course you may not want to flatten all of the source directories; you might

instead want to preserve some of the structure of the source directory trees or even map

the source directories onto a new tree. To do this, we can simply add additional calls to

into inside the from configuration closures. This is shown in Example 1-5.

Example 1-5. A copy task mapping source directory structure onto a new destination

structure

task complexCopy(type: Copy) {

from('src/main/templates') {

include '**/*.gtpl'

into 'templates'

}

from('i18n')

from('config') {

exclude 'Development*.groovy'

into 'config'

}

into 'build/resources'

}

Note that a top-level call to into is still required—the build file will not run without it

—and the nested calls to into are all relative to the path of that top-level configuration.

If the number of files or the size of the files being copied is large, then a copy task could

be an expensive build operation at execution time. Gradle’s incremental build feature

helps reduce the force of this problem. Gradle will automatically incur the full execution

time burden on the first run of the build, but will keep subsequent build times down

when redundant copying is not necessary.

Renaming Files During Copy

If your build has to copy files around, there’s a good chance it will have to rename files

in the process. Filenames might need to be tagged to indicate a deployment environ‐

ment, or might need to be renamed to some standard form from an environment-

specific origin, or might be renamed according to a product configuration specified by

the build. Whatever the reason, Gradle gives you two flexible ways to get the job done:

regular expressions and Groovy closures.

Copy Task | 3

working directory into the build directory, it would be convenient to replace the

deploymen

t-variable strings as a part of the copy. The expand() method is how Gradle

does this.

The expand() method takes advantage of the Groovy SimpleTemplateEngine class.

SimpleTemplateEngine adds a keyword substitution syntax to text files similar to the

syntax of Groovy string interpolation. Any string inside curly braces preceded by a dollar

sign (${string}) is a candidate for substitution. When declaring keyword expansion

in a copy task, you must pass a map to the expand() method (Example 1-8). The keys

in the map will be matched to the expressions inside curly braces in the copied file,

which will be replaced with the map’s corresponding values.

Example 1-8. Copying a file with keyword expansion

versionId = '1.6'

task copyProductionConfig(type: Copy) {

from 'source'

include 'config.properties'

into 'build/war/WEB-INF/config'

expand([

databaseHostname: 'db.company.com',

version: versionId,

buildNumber: (int)(Math.random() * 1000),

date: new Date()

])

}

SimpleTemplateEngine has some other features that are exposed to

you when you use the expand() method inside a copy task. Consult

the online documentation for more details.

Note that the expression passed to the expand()

method is a Groovy map literal—it is

enclosed by square brackets, and a series of key/value pairs are delimited by commas,

with the key and the value themselves separated by colons. In this example, the task

doing the expanding is dedicated to preparing a configuration file for the production

configuration, so the map can be expressed as a literal. A real-world build may opt for

this approach, or may reach out to other, environment-specific config file fragments for

the map data. Ultimately, the map passed to expand() can come from anywhere. The

fact that the Gradle build file is executable Groovy code gives you nearly unlimited

flexibility in deciding on its origin.

It’s helpful in this case to take a look at the source file, so we can directly see where the

string substitution is happening.

Filtering and Transforming Files | 5

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深入理解Gradle：进阶指南

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