ArcGIS入门与实践：地理信息系统探索

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"ESRI_Getting Started with ArcGIS" 是一本针对地理信息系统（GIS）初学者的指南，旨在帮助读者掌握ArcGIS这款强大的地理信息处理软件。ArcGIS是环境系统研究 institute (ESRI) 开发的一款广泛应用于地图制作、数据分析和空间信息管理的工具。这本教程涵盖了多个关键主题，包括但不限于： 1. **GIS基础知识**：从介绍GIS的基本概念、数据类型（如矢量数据和栅格数据）以及数据采集与管理开始，使读者理解地理信息系统的运作原理。 2. **地图制作**：涵盖如何创建地图，包括基础图层添加、符号系统设计、地图投影的选择，以及如何利用ArcGIS的各种工具进行地图定制。 3. **数据分析**：通过案例研究展示如何使用ArcGIS进行空间分析，如缓冲区分析、聚类分析、叠置分析等，以支持决策制定。 4. **遥感与影像处理**：教授如何获取遥感数据、解译卫星图像，以及如何对影像进行预处理和分析。 5. **GIS在特定领域的应用**：涉及到如房地产、城市规划、环境科学、农业、交通等领域中的GIS实践，让读者看到实际工作中的应用场景。 6. **技术细节与功能**：深入探讨ArcGIS的高级功能，如网络分析、地理编码、空间索引，以及如何编写Python脚本进行自动化操作。 7. **互联网和GIS集成**：介绍了如何将GIS数据与Web服务集成，创建交互式地图网站，以及使用ArcGIS Online进行协作。 8. **商业应用与营销**：对于那些关注收入来源的人来说，还包括了如何通过GIS技术进行在线营销，比如营养补充品的销售推广、网站优化和流量建设策略。 9. **专业发展与学习路径**：为对GIS有长远兴趣的人提供学习资源，如在线课程、论坛讨论、博客、电子书以及职业发展建议。 "ESRI_Getting Started with ArcGIS"是一本实用的教程，旨在帮助用户跨越GIS技术的入门门槛，提升技能，并在各自领域中有效地应用这一工具来解决实际问题和创造价值。无论你是GIS新手还是希望提升现有能力的专业人士，都能从中获益匪浅。

WELCOME TO ARCGIS 9

You can use ArcGIS in different ways, depending on the

complexity of your needs.

Some people use ArcGIS primarily as a single-user

mapping and analysis tool, usually in the context of a well-

defined, finite project. This common use of ArcGIS is

sometimes called project GIS. Other people use ArcGIS in

a multiuser system designed to serve an organizations

ongoing needs for geographic information. Multiuser GIS

is sometimes divided into departmental and enterprise GIS,

according to a systems level of complexity and integration

with the day-to-day operation of an organization.

This book presents ArcGIS in the context of project GIS

because a project is a good, self-contained way to explore a

variety of basic GIS functions.

Project GIS

In a GIS analysis project, an analyst faces a variety of tasks

that can be grouped into four basic steps.

The first step is to convert a question, such as Where is

the best place for a new building? or How many potential

customers are near this store?, into a GIS database design

and an analysis plan. This involves breaking the question

into logical parts, identifying what layers of data will be

needed to answer each part, and developing a strategy for

combining the answers to each part of the question into a

final answer.

The next step is to create a database that contains the

geographic data required to answer the question. This may

involve digitizing existing maps, obtaining and translating

electronic data from a variety of sources and formats,

making sure the layers are of adequate quality for the task,

making sure the layers are in the same coordinate system

and will overlay correctly, and adding items to the data to

track analysis result values. Personal workspaces of file-

based data and personal geodatabases are used to organize

project GIS geodatabases.

The next step is to analyze the data. This usually involves

overlaying different layers, querying attributes and feature

locations to answer each logical part of the question,

storing the answers to the logical parts of the question, and

retrieving and combining those answers to provide a

complete answer to the question.

The final step in a project-based analysis is to

communicate the results of the analysis, usually to people

who do not use GIS and who have different levels of

experience in dealing with maps. Maps, reports, and graphs

are all used, often together, to communicate the answer to

the question.

Multiuser GIS

In a multiuser GIS, people in an organizationfrom a few

in a single office to hundreds in different branchesuse

the GIS in different ways to support their daily tasks.

Departmental GIS refers to systems developed within a

single department to support a key function of the

department. For example, a planning department might

routinely use GIS to notify property owners of proposed

zoning changes near their property.

A departmental GIS is usually managed within the

department and often has specialists devoted to different

Unique projects to daily business

ch01.p65 02/15/2001, 9:17 AM9

10 GETTING STARTED WITH ARCGIS

tasks. For example, a department might have its own

system administrator, digitizer, and GIS analyst.

Departmental GIS is often customized to automate and

streamline procedures. For example, a planning department

could use a GIS application that finds the names and

addresses of parcel owners within a designated area and

automatically generates notification letters.

An enterprise GIS spans departments in an organization.

These large systems support multiple functions of an

organization, from daily business to strategic planning. An

enterprise GIS is usually managed as a part of the

organizations information technology infrastructure. For

example, a citys enterprise GIS integrates the business

functions of building and maintaining the city. The

engineering department builds the infrastructure for a

subdivision using the same geodatabase that the planning

department and assessor use to do their jobs.

An organizations entire network becomes the platform for

an enterprise GIS. To provide access to many users, an

enterprise GIS stores data in commercial relational

database management systems (RDBMSs), such as

Oracle

, Informix

Dynamic Server, and

Microsoft

SQL Server, that have been spatially enabled

by ESRIs ArcSDE (formerly SDE

) software.

Using ArcSDE allows GIS data to be viewed and edited by

many people simultaneously. To make the most of a

networked systems capabilities, multiple seats of key

applications, such as ArcCatalog, ArcMap, and

ArcToolbox, are deployed on desktop machines across

an organization. Servers supply them with data and perform

processor-intensive tasks.

The functions of a multiuser GIS are like those of a project

GIS, but on a larger scale and operating in a continuous,

cyclical fashion. Planning is crucial for multiuser systems,

but the rewardsincluding increased operational

efficiency, better allocation of scarce resources,

consistency of information, and better-informed

decisionsare tremendous.

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