程序员视角：全球版《计算机系统：程序员的思考》第三版概要

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"《计算机系统：程序员的视角》(第三版)全球版是一本计算机系统领域的权威教材，专为程序员设计，旨在提升其对底层系统工作原理的理解。本书由Randal E. Bryant和David R. O'Hallaron两位来自卡内基梅隆大学的专家共同编著，他们在书中从程序员的角度深入剖析了计算机系统的各个方面，包括硬件、操作系统、内存管理、并发控制等核心概念。第三版的全球版还特别感谢Manasa S.（来自NMAM Institute of Technology）、Mohit Tahiliani（National Institute of Technology Karnataka）两位作者的贡献，他们可能在某些章节或案例研究中提供了独特的见解和实践经验。该书不仅适用于专业课程学习，也是IT从业者自我提升的宝贵参考书。这本书的内容结构严谨，覆盖广泛，从计算机体系结构的基础理论到实际编程应用都有详尽的讲解。它强调了理解计算机运作的底层逻辑对于高效编程和优化性能的重要性。通过阅读，读者可以学习如何设计高效的数据结构和算法，以及如何处理并发和同步问题，从而提升编程技能和解决问题的能力。全球版还包括了来自世界各地城市的出版社信息，反映了该书在全球范围内的广泛影响力和需求。编辑团队包括Marcia J. Horton担任副总裁兼编辑总监，Matt Goldstein为执行编辑，以及多位负责不同类型工作的编辑和市场人员，保证了书籍的质量和市场推广策略的执行。《计算机系统：程序员的视角》（第三版）是每一个希望深入理解计算机系统，提升技术实力的程序员不可多得的参考资料，无论是在学术研究还是在职业发展道路上，都能提供扎实的理论基础和实用指导。"

16 Contents

9.11 Common Memory-Related Bugs in C Programs 906

9.11.1 Dereferencing Bad Pointers 906

9.11.2 Reading Uninitialized Memory 907

9.11.3 Allowing Stack Buffer Overﬂows 907

9.11.4 Assuming That Pointers and the Objects They Point to

Are the Same Size 908

9.11.5 Making Off-by-One Errors 908

9.11.6 Referencing a Pointer Instead of the Object It Points To 909

9.11.7 Misunderstanding Pointer Arithmetic 909

9.11.8 Referencing Nonexistent Variables 910

9.11.9 Referencing Data in Free Heap Blocks 910

9.11.10 Introducing Memory Leaks 911

9.12 Summary 911

Bibliographic Notes 912

Homework Problems 912

Solutions to Practice Problems 916

Part III Interaction and Communication

between Programs

System-Level I/O 925

10.1 Unix I/O 926

10.2 Files 927

10.3 Opening and Closing Files 929

10.4 Reading and Writing Files 931

10.5 Robust Reading and Writing with the Rio Package 933

10.5.1 Rio Unbuffered Input and Output Functions 933

10.5.2 Rio Buffered Input Functions 934

10.6 Reading File Metadata 939

10.7 Reading Directory Contents 941

10.8 Sharing Files 942

10.9 I/O Redirection 945

10.10 Standard I/O 947

10.11 Putting It Together: Which I/O Functions Should I Use? 947

10.12 Summary 949

Bibliographic Notes 950

Homework Problems 950

Solutions to Practice Problems 951

Preface

This book (known as CS:APP) is for computer scientists, computer engineers, and

others who want to be able to write better programs by learning what is going on

“under the hood” of a computer system.

Our aim is to explain the enduring concepts underlying all computer systems,

and to show you the concrete ways that these ideas affect the correctness, perfor-

mance, and utility of your application programs. Many systems books are written

from a builder’s perspective, describing how to implement the hardware or the sys-

tems software, including the operating system, compiler, and network interface.

This book is written from a programmer’s perspective, describing how application

programmers can use their knowledge of a system to write better programs. Of

course, learning what a system is supposed to do provides a good ﬁrst step in learn-

ing how to build one, so this book also serves as a valuable introduction to those

who go on to implement systems hardware and software. Most systems books also

tend to focus on just one aspect of the system, for example, the hardware archi-

tecture, the operating system, the compiler, or the network. This book spans all

of these aspects, with the unifying theme of a programmer’s perspective.

If you study and learn the concepts in this book, you will be on your way to

becoming the rare power programmer who knows how things work and how to

ﬁx them when they break. You will be able to write programs that make better

use of the capabilities provided by the operating system and systems software,

that operate correctly across a wide range of operating conditions and run-time

parameters, that run faster, and that avoid the ﬂaws that make programs vulner-

able to cyberattack. You will be prepared to delve deeper into advanced topics

such as compilers, computer architecture, operating systems, embedded systems,

networking, and cybersecurity.

Assumptions about the Reader’s Background

This book focuses on systems that execute x86-64 machine code. x86-64 is the latest

in an evolutionary path followed by Intel and its competitors that started with the

8086 microprocessor in 1978. Due to the naming conventions used by Intel for

its microprocessor line, this class of microprocessors is referred to colloquially as

“x86.” As semiconductor technology has evolved to allow more transistors to be

integrated onto a single chip, these processors have progressed greatly in their

computing power and their memory capacity. As part of this progression, they

have gone from operating on 16-bit words, to 32-bit words with the introduction

of IA32 processors, and most recently to 64-bit words with x86-64.

We consider how these machines execute C programs on Linux. Linux is one

of a number of operating systems having their heritage in the Unix operating

system developed originally by Bell Laboratories. Other members of this class

20 Preface

New to C? Advice on the C programming language

To help readers whose background in C programming is weak (or nonexistent), we have also included

these special notes to highlight features that are especially important in C. We assume you are familiar

with C++ or Java.

of operating systems include Solaris, FreeBSD, and MacOS X. In recent years,

these operating systems have maintained a high level of compatibility through the

efforts of the Posix and Standard Unix Speciﬁcation standardization efforts. Thus,

the material in this book applies almost directly to these “Unix-like” operating

systems.

The text contains numerous programming examples that have been compiled

and run on Linux systems. We assume that you have access to such a machine, and

are able to log in and do simple things such as listing ﬁles and changing directo-

ries. If your computer runs Microsoft Windows, we recommend that you install

one of the many different virtual machine environments (such as VirtualBox or

VMWare) that allow programs written for one operating system (the guest OS)

to run under another (the host OS).

We also assume that you have some familiarity with C or C++. If your only

prior experience is with Java, the transition will require more effort on your part,

but we will help you. Java and C share similar syntax and control statements.

However, there are aspects of C (particularly pointers, explicit dynamic memory

allocation, and formatted I/O) that do not exist in Java. Fortunately, C is a small

language, and it is clearly and beautifully described in the classic “K&R” text

by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie [61]. Regardless of your programming

background, consider K&R an essential part of your personal systems library. If

your prior experience is with an interpreted language, such as Python, Ruby, or

Perl, you will deﬁnitely want to devote some time to learning C before you attempt

to use this book.

Several of the early chapters in the book explore the interactions between C

programs and their machine-language counterparts. The machine-language exam-

ples were all generated by the GNU gcc compiler running on x86-64 processors.

We do not assume any prior experience with hardware, machine language, or

assembly-language programming.

How to Read the Book

Learning how computer systems work from a programmer’s perspective is great

fun, mainly because you can do it actively. Whenever you learn something new,

you can try it out right away and see the result ﬁrsthand. In fact, we believe that

the only way to learn systems is to do systems, either working concrete problems

or writing and running programs on real systems.

This theme pervades the entire book. When a new concept is introduced, it

is followed in the text by one or more practice problems that you should work

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