OCI程序员指南：理解INTEGER类型与数据转换

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Oracle Call Interface (OCI) 是Oracle数据库提供的一个重要编程接口，专为开发人员设计，以便在Java、C++等高级语言环境中与Oracle Database进行交互。《Oracle® Call Interface Programmer's Guide》是针对Oracle 11g Release 2（11.2）的一个详细指南，版权归属Oracle及其关联公司，由Rod Ward、Jack Melnick等主要作者以及多位贡献者共同编撰。本书的核心内容围绕如何利用OCI进行高效、安全的数据操作展开。其中，INTEGER数据类型是关键知识点。INTEGER是一种用于存储数值的内置数据类型，它将数字转换成二进制形式，但其大小是系统依赖的，这意味着不同平台上的INTEGER可能占用不同数量的字节。在存储时，主机系统的架构决定了字节的顺序，这可能是大端模式或小端模式。对于输入和输出，oci程序员需要指定长度规格，确保数据的一致性。当从Oracle Database检索到的数值不是整数时，Oracle会截断小数部分，并且不会返回错误或任何提示，因为这是预期的行为。然而，如果返回的数值超出了所用计算机系统的signed integer类型的容量范围，oci程序将会遇到“转换溢出”错误，开发者需要处理这种边界情况以避免程序崩溃。此外，书中的其他章节可能会探讨如何使用oci的异常处理机制来捕获和处理这类转换错误，以及如何优化性能，如使用缓冲区减少网络传输和提高数据读写效率。此外，还可能包含示例代码、API函数文档以及对oci数据类型、连接管理、游标操作、SQL执行、结果集处理等的深入讲解。值得注意的是，使用OCI编程时，必须遵循严格的许可证协议，限制了使用和披露的规定，并受到知识产权法律的保护。未经授权，用户不能随意使用或分享这份软件及相关文档。《Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide》是一本实用的参考文献，对于希望通过OCI与Oracle Database集成的开发人员来说，提供了宝贵的技术指导和实践案例，帮助他们编写出健壮、高效的数据库应用程序。

xvi

NULL Indicator Structure............................................................................................................ 11-21

Creating Objects ............................................................................................................................ 11-23

Attribute Values of New Objects......................................................................................... 11-24

Freeing and Copying Objects ...................................................................................................... 11-25

Object Reference and Type Reference........................................................................................ 11-25

Create Objects Based on Object Views and Object Tables with Primary-Key-Based OIDs 11-25

Error Handling in Object Applications...................................................................................... 11-26

Type Inheritance.................................................................................................................................. 11-27

Substitutability............................................................................................................................... 11-27

NOT INSTANTIABLE Types and Methods.............................................................................. 11-28

OCI Support for Type Inheritance.............................................................................................. 11-28

OCIDescribeAny() ................................................................................................................. 11-29

Bind and Define Functions................................................................................................... 11-29

OCIObjectGetTypeRef()........................................................................................................ 11-29

OCIObjectCopy().................................................................................................................... 11-29

OCICollAssignElem()............................................................................................................ 11-29

OCICollAppend()................................................................................................................... 11-29

OCICollGetElem().................................................................................................................. 11-30

OTT Support for Type Inheritance............................................................................................. 11-30

Type Evolution..................................................................................................................................... 11-30

12 Object-Relational Data Types in OCI

Overview of OCI Functions for Objects........................................................................................... 12-1

Mapping Oracle Data Types to C....................................................................................................... 12-2

OCI Type Mapping Methodology................................................................................................ 12-3

Manipulating C Data Types with OCI.............................................................................................. 12-3

Precision of Oracle Number Operations...................................................................................... 12-4

Date (OCIDate) ...................................................................................................................................... 12-5

Date Example................................................................................................................................... 12-5

Datetime and Interval (OCIDateTime, OCIInterval)..................................................................... 12-6

Datetime Functions......................................................................................................................... 12-7

Datetime Example........................................................................................................................... 12-8

Interval Functions ........................................................................................................................... 12-8

Number (OCINumber)......................................................................................................................... 12-9

OCINumber Examples ................................................................................................................. 12-10

Fixed or Variable-Length String (OCIString)................................................................................ 12-12

String Functions............................................................................................................................. 12-12

String Example .............................................................................................................................. 12-12

Raw (OCIRaw) ..................................................................................................................................... 12-13

Raw Functions ............................................................................................................................... 12-13

Raw Example ................................................................................................................................. 12-13

Collections (OCITable, OCIArray, OCIColl, OCIIter) ................................................................ 12-14

Generic Collection Functions....................................................................................................... 12-14

Collection Data Manipulation Functions................................................................................... 12-14

Collection Scanning Functions.................................................................................................... 12-15

Varray/Collection Iterator Example .......................................................................................... 12-15

Nested Table Manipulation Functions....................................................................................... 12-16

xvii

Nested Table Element Ordering.......................................................................................... 12-17

Nested Table Locators .................................................................................................................. 12-17

Multilevel Collection Types.............................................................................................................. 12-17

Multilevel Collection Type Example.......................................................................................... 12-18

REF (OCIRef) ....................................................................................................................................... 12-18

REF Manipulation Functions....................................................................................................... 12-19

REF Example.................................................................................................................................. 12-19

Object Type Information Storage and Access ............................................................................... 12-20

Descriptor Objects......................................................................................................................... 12-20

AnyType, AnyData, and AnyDataSet Interfaces .......................................................................... 12-20

Type Interfaces .............................................................................................................................. 12-21

Creating a Parameter Descriptor for OCIType Calls........................................................ 12-21

Obtaining the OCIType for Persistent Types .................................................................... 12-22

Type Access Calls................................................................................................................... 12-23

Extensions to OCIDescribeAny()......................................................................................... 12-23

OCIAnyData Interfaces................................................................................................................ 12-23

NCHAR Typecodes for OCIAnyData Functions ..................................................................... 12-24

OCIAnyDataSet Interfaces........................................................................................................... 12-24

Binding Named Data Types.............................................................................................................. 12-25

Named Data Type Binds.............................................................................................................. 12-25

Binding REFs................................................................................................................................. 12-25

Information for Named Data Type and REF Binds ................................................................. 12-26

Information Regarding Array Binds .......................................................................................... 12-26

Defining Named Data Types ............................................................................................................ 12-26

Defining Named Data Type Output Variables......................................................................... 12-26

Defining REF Output Variables .................................................................................................. 12-27

Information for Named Data Type and REF Defines, and PL/SQL OUT Binds................. 12-27

Information About Array Defines....................................................................................... 12-28

Binding and Defining Oracle C Data Types.................................................................................. 12-28

Bind and Define Examples........................................................................................................... 12-29

Salary Update Examples .............................................................................................................. 12-31

Method 1 - Fetch, Convert, Assign...................................................................................... 12-32

Method 2 - Fetch and Assign................................................................................................ 12-32

Method 3 - Direct Fetch......................................................................................................... 12-32

Summary and Notes.............................................................................................................. 12-33

SQLT_NTY Bind and Define Examples ......................................................................................... 12-33

SQLT_NTY Bind Example ...........................................................................................................

12-33

SQLT_NTY Define Example........................................................................................................ 12-34

13 Direct Path Loading

Direct Path Loading Overview ........................................................................................................... 13-1

Data Types Supported for Direct Path Loading......................................................................... 13-3

Direct Path Handles........................................................................................................................ 13-4

Direct Path Context.................................................................................................................. 13-4

OCI Direct Path Function Context......................................................................................... 13-4

Direct Path Column Array and Direct Path Function Column Array ............................. 13-5

Direct Path Stream ................................................................................................................... 13-6

xviii

Direct Path Interface Functions..................................................................................................... 13-6

Limitations and Restrictions of the Direct Path Load Interface ............................................... 13-7

Direct Path Load Examples for Scalar Columns......................................................................... 13-7

Data Structures Used in Direct Path Loading Example ..................................................... 13-7

Outline of an Example of a Direct Path Load for Scalar Columns ................................... 13-9

Using a Date Cache in Direct Path Loading of Dates in OCI ................................................. 13-13

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_DCACHE_SIZE............................................................................ 13-13

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_DCACHE_NUM .......................................................................... 13-13

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_DCACHE_MISSES....................................................................... 13-13

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_DCACHE_HITS ........................................................................... 13-14

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_DCACHE_DISABLE ................................................................... 13-14

Direct Path Loading of Object Types .............................................................................................. 13-14

Direct Path Loading of Nested Tables ....................................................................................... 13-14

Describing a Nested Table Column and Its Nested Table............................................... 13-15

Direct Path Loading of Column Objects.................................................................................... 13-15

Describing a Column Object................................................................................................. 13-15

Allocating the Array Column for the Column Object...................................................... 13-17

Loading Column Object Data into the Column Array..................................................... 13-17

OCI_DIRPATH_COL_ERROR............................................................................................. 13-18

Direct Path Loading of SQL String Columns............................................................................ 13-18

Describing a SQL String Column ........................................................................................ 13-18

Allocating the Column Array for SQL String Columns................................................... 13-20

Loading the SQL String Data into the Column Array...................................................... 13-20

Direct Path Loading of REF Columns........................................................................................ 13-21

Describing the REF Column................................................................................................. 13-21

Allocating the Column Array for a REF Column.............................................................. 13-23

Loading the REF Data into the Column Array.................................................................. 13-23

Direct Path Loading of NOT FINAL Object and REF Columns............................................. 13-24

Inheritance Hierarchy............................................................................................................ 13-24

Describing a Fixed, Derived Type to Be Loaded............................................................... 13-25

Allocating the Column Array............................................................................................... 13-25

Loading the Data into the Column Array .......................................................................... 13-25

Direct Path Loading of Object Tables......................................................................................... 13-25

Direct Path Loading a NOT FINAL Object Table..................................................................... 13-26

Direct Path Loading in Pieces ........................................................................................................... 13-27

Loading Object Types in Pieces................................................................................................... 13-27

Direct Path Context Handles and Attributes for Object Types.................................................. 13-28

Direct Path Context Attributes.................................................................................................... 13-28

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_OBJ_CONSTR............................................................................... 13-28

Direct Path Function Context and Attributes ........................................................................... 13-28

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_OBJ_CONSTR...............................................................................

13-28

OCI_ATTR_NAME................................................................................................................ 13-29

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_EXPR_TYPE.................................................................................. 13-30

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_NO_INDEX_ERRORS................................................................. 13-30

OCI_ATTR_NUM_COLS...................................................................................................... 13-30

OCI_ATTR_NUM_ROWS .................................................................................................... 13-31

Direct Path Column Parameter Attributes................................................................................ 13-32

xix

OCI_ATTR_NAME................................................................................................................ 13-32

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_SID ................................................................................................. 13-34

OCI_ATTR_DIRPATH_OID ................................................................................................ 13-34

Direct Path Function Column Array Handle for Nonscalar Columns.................................. 13-34

OCI_ATTR_NUM_ROWS Attribute................................................................................... 13-34

14 Object Advanced Topics in OCI

Object Cache and Memory Management ......................................................................................... 14-1

Cache Consistency and Coherency............................................................................................... 14-3

Object Cache Parameters................................................................................................................ 14-4

Object Cache Operations................................................................................................................ 14-4

Pinning and Unpinning .......................................................................................................... 14-4

Freeing ....................................................................................................................................... 14-4

Marking and Unmarking........................................................................................................ 14-5

Flushing..................................................................................................................................... 14-5

Refreshing ................................................................................................................................. 14-5

Loading and Removing Object Copies ........................................................................................ 14-5

Pinning an Object Copy .......................................................................................................... 14-5

Unpinning an Object Copy..................................................................................................... 14-7

Freeing an Object Copy........................................................................................................... 14-7

Making Changes to Object Copies................................................................................................ 14-7

Marking an Object Copy......................................................................................................... 14-7

Unmarking an Object Copy.................................................................................................... 14-8

Synchronizing Object Copies with the Server ............................................................................ 14-8

Flushing Changes to the Server ............................................................................................. 14-8

Refreshing an Object Copy..................................................................................................... 14-9

Object Locking............................................................................................................................... 14-10

Lock Options........................................................................................................................... 14-10

Locking Objects for Update.................................................................................................. 14-10

Locking with the NOWAIT Option..................................................................................... 14-10

Implementing Optimistic Locking ...................................................................................... 14-11

Commit and Rollback in Object Applications .......................................................................... 14-11

Object Duration ............................................................................................................................. 14-11

Durations Example ................................................................................................................ 14-12

Memory Layout of an Instance ................................................................................................... 14-13

Object Navigation ............................................................................................................................... 14-14

Simple Object Navigation ............................................................................................................ 14-14

OCI Navigational Functions ............................................................................................................. 14-15

Pin/Unpin/Free Functions.......................................................................................................... 14-15

Flush and Refresh Functions ....................................................................................................... 14-16

Mark and Unmark Functions ...................................................................................................... 14-16

Object Meta-Attribute Accessor Functions................................................................................ 14-16

Other Functions.............................................................................................................................

14-16

Type Evolution and the Object Cache............................................................................................. 14-17

OCI Support for XML......................................................................................................................... 14-17

XML Context.................................................................................................................................. 14-18

XML Data on the Server............................................................................................................... 14-18

Using OCI XML DB Functions.................................................................................................... 14-18

OCI Client Access to Binary XML............................................................................................... 14-19

Accessing XML Data from an OCI Application ................................................................ 14-20

Repository Context ................................................................................................................ 14-20

Create Repository Context from a Dedicated OCI Connection ...................................... 14-20

Create Repository Context from a Connection Pool......................................................... 14-21

Associating Repository Context with a Data Connection................................................ 14-21

Setting XMLType Encoding Format Preference................................................................ 14-21

Example of Using a Connection Pool.................................................................................. 14-21

15 Using the Object Type Translator with OCI

OTT Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 15-1

What Is the Object Type Translator?................................................................................................. 15-2

Creating Types in the Database .................................................................................................... 15-3

Invoking OTT .................................................................................................................................. 15-4

Command Line......................................................................................................................... 15-4

Configuration File.................................................................................................................... 15-4

INTYPE File .............................................................................................................................. 15-4

OTT Command Line............................................................................................................................. 15-4

OTT Command-Line Invocation Example .................................................................................. 15-5

OTT ............................................................................................................................................ 15-5

USERID...................................................................................................................................... 15-5

INTYPE...................................................................................................................................... 15-5

OUTTYPE.................................................................................................................................. 15-5

CODE......................................................................................................................................... 15-5

HFILE......................................................................................................................................... 15-6

INITFILE.................................................................................................................................... 15-6

Intype File............................................................................................................................................... 15-6

OTT Data Type Mappings................................................................................................................... 15-8

Mapping Object Data Types to C.................................................................................................. 15-8

OTT Type Mapping Example...................................................................................................... 15-10

Null Indicator Structs ................................................................................................................... 15-12

OTT Support for Type Inheritance............................................................................................. 15-13

Substitutable Object Attributes............................................................................................ 15-15

Outtype File.......................................................................................................................................... 15-15

Using OTT with OCI Applications.................................................................................................. 15-16

Accessing and Manipulating Objects with OCI ....................................................................... 15-17

Calling the Initialization Function.............................................................................................. 15-18

Tasks of the Initialization Function ............................................................................................ 15-19

OTT Reference ..................................................................................................................................... 15-19

OTT Command-Line Syntax........................................................................................................ 15-20

OTT Parameters............................................................................................................................. 15-21

USERID.................................................................................................................................... 15-21

INTYPE.................................................................................................................................... 15-22

OUTTYPE................................................................................................................................ 15-22

CODE....................................................................................................................................... 15-22

INITFILE.................................................................................................................................. 15-22

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