DPMR协议详解：数字对讲机的FDMA技术与ETSI标准

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数字对讲机DPMR协议（Digital Private Mobile Radio, dPMR）是一种专门设计用于专业无线通信的数字通信标准，它遵循ETSI TS 102 658 V1.2.1（2009-09）的技术规范。该标准由欧洲电信标准化协会（ETSI）制定，其目标是确保电磁兼容性和无线电频谱管理（ERM），特别是在使用频分多址（FDMA）技术时，每信道的间隔为6.25kHz。dPMR协议旨在提供高效、可靠且安全的移动通信解决方案，适用于公共安全、商业应用以及紧急服务等领域。 DPMR协议的核心特性包括： 1. **数字通信**：dPMR采用数字信号处理技术，相比于模拟对讲机，能提供更好的音频质量、更长的通话距离和更强的抗干扰能力，支持加密功能，保护用户隐私和通信安全。 2. **FDMA原理**：通过频率分复用，允许多个用户同时在不同的频率通道上进行通信，提高频谱利用率，实现高效的多任务通信。 3. **6.25kHz频道间隔**：较小的频道间隔有助于减少干扰，确保多个用户之间的清晰通信，尤其适合在城市或密集区域使用。 4. **参考标准**：dPMR协议参考了RTS/ERM-TGDMR-283标准，并关注关键词如空中接口、PMR（Professional Mobile Radio）和无线电通信协议等。 5. **版权与获取**：ETSI提供了文档下载链接（<http://www.etsi.org>），用户应确保引用的是官方PDF版本，以防版本差异。如果出现争议，应以ETSI印制的PDF版本为准，存放在ETSI秘书处的特定网络驱动器上。使用dPMR协议的数字对讲机广泛应用于建筑工地、物流管理、执法机构、消防救援、赛事组织等各种需要实时、可靠通信的场景。它不仅提高了通信效率，还降低了误码率，提升了整体通信系统的性能和可靠性。随着技术的不断发展，DPMR协议可能会不断更新和完善，以适应日益增长的无线通信需求。

ETSI

ETSI TS 102 658 V1.2.1 (2009

09)

DISPAT DISPATcher

DLL Data Link Layer

DP Data Position

dPMR digital Private Mobile Radio

ET End Type

ESN Electronic Serial Number

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

FEC Forward Error Correction

FN Frame Numbering

GBSID Global Base Station IDentity

HI Header Information

HT Header Type

ID IDentifier

IPV Internet Protocol Version

LBT Listen Before Transmit

MI Message Information

MID Manufacturer's ID

MMI Man Machine Interface

MS Mobile Station

MSs Multiplicity of mobile or handportable Stations

NACK Negative ACKnowledgment

NMEA National Marine & electronics Association

OACSU Off Air Call Set Up

OSI Open System Interconnection

PABX Private Automatic Branch eXchange

PAR Parameter data

PARMS PARaMeterS

PDF Packet Data Format

PL Physical Layer

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

PTT Push-To-Talk

QACK Queue wait ACKnowledgment

NOTE: The call is in a queue. More signalling to follow.

RSVD ReSerVeD

RF Radio Frequency

RLA Repeat Last Ack

RSSI Received Signal Strength Indication

SLD SLow Data

SOG Speed Over Ground

SYMB SYMBol

SYNC SYNChronization

TCH Traffic CHannel

UDT Unified Data Transport

U-plane User-plane

VFRMS Vote FRaMeSets

VSYS Vote SYStem identity code

WACK Wait ACKnowledgement

NOTE: More signalling to follow.

4 Overview

The present document describes a narrow band Digital Private Mobile Radio system which employs a Frequency

Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technology with an RF carrier bandwidth of 6,25 kHz.

The present document describes the Physical Layer (PL) and the Data Link Layer (DLL) of the Air Interface (AI) as

well as the standardized services and facilities of the radio. Radio equipments which conform to the present document

shall be interoperable at the PL and DLL with equipment from other manufacturers.

ETSI

ETSI TS 102 658 V1.2.1 (2009

09)

Where manufacturers have declared compliance to the "Standard User Interface", the MMI shall also comply with the

relevant requirements of annex A.

The present document does not provide the specification or operational detail for system implementations which include

but are not limited to, vocoder, security, data, and other interfaces.

4.1 Protocol architecture

The purpose of this clause is to provide a model where the different functions and processes are identified and allocated

to different layers in the protocol stack.

The protocol stack in this clause and all other related clauses describe and specify the interfaces, but this stack does not

imply or restrict any implementation.

The protocol architecture which is defined herein follows the generic layered structure, which is accepted for reference

description and specification of layered communication architectures.

The standard defines the protocols for the following 3 layered model as illustrated in figure 4.1.

The base of the protocol stack is the Physical Layer (PL) which is the layer 1.

The Data Link Layer (DLL), which is the layer 2, shall handle sharing of the medium by a number of users. At the

DLL, the protocol stack shall be divided vertically into two parts, the User plane (U-plane), for transporting information

without addressing capability (e.g. voice or data stream), and the Control plane (C-plane) for signalling with addressing

capability, as illustrated by figure 4.1.

The Call Control Layer (CCL), which is layer 3, lies in the C-plane and is responsible for control of the call (addressing,

facilities, etc.), provides the services supported by the radio, and supports the Data Service. U-plane access at layer

2 (DLL) supports the voice service.

PHYSICAL LAYER

DATA LINK LAYER

User Plane

Voic e Payloa d

Al Layer 1

Al Layer 2

Al Layer 3

Control Pla ne

CALL CONTROL LAYER

Call Control Information

Intrinsic Services

D ata Payloa d

Data Call Contr ol

Figure 4.1: dPMR protocol stack

4.1.1 Air Interface Physical Layer (layer 1)

The Air Interface layer 1 shall be the physical interface. It shall deal with the physical transmission or burst, composed

of bits, which is to be sent and/or received. The Physical Layer is described in clause 12. The Air Interface layer 1 shall

contain the following functions:

• modulation and demodulation;

• transmitter and receiver switching;

• RF characteristics;

• bits and symbol definition;

ETSI

ETSI TS 102 658 V1.2.1 (2009

09)

• frequency and symbol synchronization;

• transmission or burst building.

4.1.2 Air Interface Data Link Layer (layer 2)

The Air Interface layer 2 shall handle logical connections and shall hide the physical medium from the upper layers.

The Data Link Layer is described in clauses 11 to 14.

The main functions are as follows:

• channel coding (FEC, CRC);

• interleaving, de-interleaving and bit ordering;

• acknowledgement and retry mechanism;

• media access control and channel management;

• framing, superframe building and synchronization;

• burst and parameter definition;

• link addressing (source and/or destination);

• interfacing of voice applications (vocoder data) with the PL;

• data bearer services;

• exchanging signalling and/or user data with the CCL.

4.1.3 Air Interface Call Control Layer (layer 3)

Air Interface layer 3 (CCL) is applicable only to the C-plane, and shall be an entity for the services and facilities

supported by the radio on top of the layer 2 functionality.

The CCL provides the following functions:

• establishing, maintaining and terminating of calls;

• individual or talkgroup call transmission and reception;

• destination addressing;

• support of intrinsic services (late entry, call divert, etc.);

• data call control.

4.1.4 Architectural Configurations

A network of MS and/or BS shall be configured into one of three modes, Mode 1, Mode 2 or Mode 3. Within a network

all entities shall be configured with the matching mode.

4.1.4.1 Peer-to-Peer Direct Network (Mode 1)

A Peer-to-Peer Direct Network illustrated in figure 4.2 is characterized by multiple MS communicating with each other

directly on a single frequency channel (i.e. MS f

= MS f

= f

Peer-to-Peer operation on a given channel is governed by the MS on that channel. There is no "Master-Slave"

relationship on such a channel and each MS is responsible for adhering to the channel access rules. Peer-to-Peer

communication is directly between the MS.

Signalling between entities is asynchronous using a traffic channel.

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