Aphid Ecology：优化方法与1998年第二版详解

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"Aphid Ecology" 是一本专门针对蚜虫生态学的深入研究著作，由 A.F.G. Dixon 编写，属于应用数学和植物保护领域的经典教材。本书旨在通过优化方法来探讨这一昆虫群体的生物学特性、种群动态以及它们与环境的关系。第二版于 1998 年出版，是对 1985 年第一版的重要修订，反映了作者对蚜虫生态系统的最新理解。该书不仅包含了理论知识，还提供了实用的研究方法，适合生态学家、昆虫学家、农业科学家以及对生物多样性感兴趣的读者使用。作者在书中详细解析了蚜虫的生活习性、繁殖策略、寄主关系，以及它们如何影响农业生产中的作物病虫害管理。此外，由于这本书还涉及到版权问题，指出除了用于学术研究、个人学习或批评性评价外，未经出版商书面许可，任何形式的复制、存储或传输都是受限的，特别是关于复制品的复制，必须遵循版权法和相关许可协议。 "An Optimization Approach" 这一部分可能侧重于如何通过数学模型来优化控制蚜虫种群的方法，如利用天敌、化学防治或生物防治手段，以实现可持续的环境保护。书中可能还包括了对不同地区和气候条件下蚜虫行为变化的研究，以及如何将这些知识应用于全球气候变化背景下的生态系统管理。本书的出版商 Springer Science+Business Media 提供了多种获取途径，包括通过互联网访问（www.thomson.com 和 GOPHER gopher.thomson.com），以及FTP服务 ftp.thomson.com。同时，电子书版本的 DOI（Digital Object Identifier）为 10.1007/978-94-011-5868-8，对于电子阅读者来说是一种便捷的选择。 "Aphid Ecology" 是一本实用且深入的科研指南，对于理解和管理蚜虫对农业生产的影响具有重要意义，为生态学和农业科学的研究人员提供了宝贵的参考资源。

DISTRIBUTION 7

restricted mostly to South East Asia and Australia, although the presence

of fossil Greenideidae in Yugoslavia indicates that this group once had a

much wider distribution (Eastop, 1977). However, as the most important

families of aphids are not restricted in their distribution we have to account

for why there are so few species of aphids in the tropics and this

con-

sidered in Chapter

10.

Summarizing, aphids evolved

280

million years ago and from the begin-

ning showed two of the more striking features of modern aphids: small size

and parthenogenetic reproduction. The major diversification in aphids

occurred in the Cretaceous in parallel with that of the Angiosperms.

However, there

no correlation between the rank of a plant group in terms

of its species diversity and the number of species of aphids

hosts. Aphids

are very host specific, have a world-wide distribution and although certain

species can become very abundant, there are surprisingly

few

species,

especially in the tropics. Polyphenism and the telescoping of generations are

also characteristics of aphids.

2 Feeding behaviour and food quality

Most, if not all, species of aphids feed on the phloem sap of plants, which

they obtain by tapping the phloem elements with their stylets. Phloem ele-

ments are living cells and are located at some depth within a plant. The con-

tents

these elements (phloem sap) are rich in sugars and relatively poor

in amino acids, especially those that are essential for growth. This chapter

describes the ways in which aphids locate and process their food.

2.1 Feeding behaviour

Aphid antennae bear many sensilla (Figure 2.1), amongst which there are

some whose structure and electrophysical responses indicate that they are

used in chemoreception or gustation and the perception of the leaf surface

(Shambaugh

et ai.,

1978;

Bromley et ai., 1979,

1980;

Bromley and Anderson,

1982).

the laboratory aphids respond to plant odours both when walking

(Pettersson,

1971;

Visser and Taanman,

1987;

Nottingham et ai., 1991a;

Visser and Piron, 1995) and when flying (Nottingham and Hardie, 1993).

Single-cell recording techniques have been used to assess the responsive-

ness of individual sensory neurones to odours (Bromley and Anderson,

1982) and recordings from the antennal nerve (electroantennograms)

provide a measure of the total antennal responsiveness (Boeckh

et ai.,

1965). Although there

little doubt the antennal olfactory sensilla are

receptive to both positive signals associated with host plant volatiles and

negative signals associated with the odour blend of non-host plants their

role in the location of plants from a distance

debatable (p. 28).

Aphids scan the surface of a plant accepted

a potential host with the

tip

their proboscis. The tactile receptors on the tip of the proboscis

(Figure 2.2) respond to contact and surface texture and enable aphids to

detect the contours of veins, their preferred feeding site (Tjallingii, 1978b).

They then probe into the plant with their mandibular and maxillary stylets,

which together form a hollow needle-like structure (Figure 2.3). Aphids

secrete a continuous stylet sheath

they penetrate plant tissue. The sheath

material encases the stylets and

thought to be mainly lipoprotein, poss-

ibly containing some 10% phospholipid. The viscous precursor secretion

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