美军频谱管理操作技术手册

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"ARN19477_ATP 6-02x70 FINAL WEB频谱管理操作技术.pdf" 这篇文档是美国陆军的"Techniques for Spectrum Management Operations"（频谱管理操作技术）的更新版，发布于2019年10月，取代了2015年的版本。它详细阐述了频谱管理的功能、目标、操作流程以及所使用的管理工具。该文件在公开领域可获取，并且无分发限制。在频谱管理的操作层面，文档的第1章概述了以下几个关键知识点： 1. 频谱管理操作的概述：这部分介绍了频谱管理操作的基本概念，它涉及如何有效和高效地利用电磁频谱资源。频谱管理旨在确保军事通信和其他依赖电磁频谱的系统能够正常运行，同时避免干扰。 2. 频谱管理操作的目标：主要目标是为了保障军事通信的可靠性和安全性，防止冲突，提高频谱效率，并确保在复杂战场环境下，所有依赖频谱的系统都能正常运行。 3. 频谱管理的核心功能：这包括规划、分配、协调、监控和执行频谱管理政策。规划涉及对频谱需求的预测和分配策略的制定；分配是指将频谱资源合理分配给不同的用户或系统；协调确保不同用户间的互不干扰；监控则是对频谱使用情况进行实时跟踪；执行则涉及到实施这些策略并确保遵守相关规定。 4. 频谱管理操作过程：这一过程通常包括需求分析、频谱分配、许可管理、频谱监测和冲突解决等步骤。通过这个流程，管理者可以确保频谱资源的合理分配和有效利用。 5. 环境与挑战：在进行频谱管理时，可能会面临各种挑战，如频谱拥堵、技术发展快速、法规变更以及与其他国家和国际组织的协调问题。这些都需要管理者具备灵活应对和创新解决问题的能力。文档的后续章节可能详细讨论了这些领域的具体操作和技术，包括使用何种工具进行频谱监测、如何进行频谱冲突检测和解决，以及如何适应不断变化的电磁环境。对于理解和支持军事通信和电子战策略的读者来说，这份出版物提供了宝贵的指导。 "ATP6-02.70"是一份详尽的指南，它不仅适用于军事人员，也对了解和研究频谱管理的科研人员、政策制定者和行业专业人士具有重要参考价值。通过深入学习，读者可以掌握如何在日益复杂的电磁环境中有效地管理和利用频谱资源。

Chapter 1

1-6 ATP 6-02.70 16 October 2019

Communications Security Coordination

1-23. Spectrum managers work closely with communications security personnel to ensure the proper keying

material for the appropriate frequency resource of single channel ground and air radio system (SINCGARS)

loadsets. Spectrum managers only manage and process communications security for SINCGARS by way of

loadsets. They do not manage communications security for other emitters.

Satellite Coordination

1-24. Spectrum managers coordinate with satellite managers to maintain awareness of channels (frequencies)

used by satellite communications systems. The satellite manager generates and processes satellite access

authorization (SAA). Spectrum managers receive and verify the information provided in the satellite access

request for all satellite communications. Once approved, the spectrum manager enters the frequencies into

the Spectrum XXI database as a space record for frequency deconfliction with all other emitters in the area

of operations.

Frequency Deconfliction

1-25. Frequency deconfliction is a systematic management procedure to coordinate the use of the

electromagnetic spectrum for operations, communications, and intelligence functions. Frequency

deconfliction is one element of electromagnetic spectrum management and applies practices to minimize or

prevent SDDs from causing EMI. It is easy to confuse EMI mitigation with frequency deconfliction. The

main difference is that frequency deconfliction occurs during the planning phase of a mission while EMI

mitigation occurs during mission execution.

Joint Restricted Frequency List

1-26. Commanders and planners prohibit jamming or attacking frequencies listed on the JRFL. The JRFL is

a J-3 product and includes command channels of senior commanders, coalition forces, and frequencies used

by local civilian noncombatants. The JSME, with collaborative input from the J-2, J-3, and J-6, develop the

JRFL. Upon approval by the J-3, the JSME, in concert with the EW planners, publishes the JRFL. Three

types of protection status codes apply to frequency assets identified for inclusion in a JRFL: taboo

frequencies, protected frequencies, and guarded frequencies (see Appendix D).

1-27. Use of the JRFL is to protect high priority nets, bands, and frequencies from friendly electronic attack

when possible; however, the concern of the spectrum manager is to ensure that all friendly systems can

operate unimpaired. Accomplish this by adding the offending jammer to a database and using spectrum

management techniques such as changing frequencies, changing assignments, or moving to an unaffected

area. The spectrum manager has tools that can identify potential frequency fratricide. Refer to Appendices A

and F for further information on the JRFL.

Note. The use of the JRFL does not deconflict all frequency issues. The JRFL does not provide

communications planners with frequencies electronic attack (EA) systems transmit or the

technical information needed to deconflict EA from friendly operations including lower echelon

maneuver forces. Efficient utilization of spectrum management tools identifies potential

interference and frequency conflicts during mission planning reducing frequency fratricide. See

CJCSM 3320.01C for more information on the JRFL development process.

Interference Resolution

1-28. Spectrum managers perform interference resolution at the echelon receiving the interference.

Interference is the radiation, emission, or indication of electromagnetic energy; either intentionally or

unintentionally causing degradation, disruption, or complete obstruction of the designated function of the

electronic equipment affected. The spectrum manager should use available near-real time monitoring and

analysis capabilities to aid in the interference resolution. The reporting end user is responsible for assisting

the spectrum manager in tracking, evaluating, and resolving interference. Appendix D contains further

information on frequency interference resolution and reporting.

Overview

16 October 2019 ATP 6-02.70 1-7

Frequency Fraticide

1-29. Frequency fratricide is the unintentional interruption of friendly frequencies. The CEMA section

spectrum manager deconflicts the spectrum, identifies conflicts, and advises the cyber electronic warfare

officer (CEWO) about mitigating possible frequency fratricide. The CEMA spectrum manager works to

mitigate frequency fratricide and potential EMI during the planning phase of all forms of fire. If the CEMA

section spectrum manager is not available, one of the other spectrum managers assumes the responsibility

that is necessary during the CEMA working group. Frequency fratricide can cause many problems for

operations and prevention is the key to mission success. Spectrum managers provide the CEMA working

group with frequency options and advice that follows internal and external policies that minimize frequency

fratricide.

MANAGING SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS

1-30. The managing function of SMO enables and sustains the functions of planning and coordinating. It

includes the process to plan, conduct, coordinate, and support SMO. SMO ensures the efficient use of

allocated spectrum and associated frequencies in a given area of operations.

1-31. Spectrum managers use the managing function to enable dynamic frequency assignment, re-

assignment, interference mitigation, and frequency deconfliction across all users in an area of operations.

The architecture provides for interoperability with United States national and local government agencies,

non-government agencies, and unified action partners

SECTION II – ENVIRONMENT AND CHALLENGES WHEN CONDUCTING

SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS

1-32. This section describes the electromagnetic spectrum followed by defining the EMOE in which

spectrum managers conduct SMO. This section discusses SDDs operating throughout the EMOE and

describe their continuing competition for resources in the EMS. This section discusses SMO challenges in a

congested and contested environment.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

1-33. The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of all electromagnetic waves arranged according to

frequency and wavelength. Multiple radiated signals coexist in the same physical space. Use of appropriate

equipment and channels allows selective detection of emitted signals. The spectrum extends from below the

frequencies used for radio (at the long-wavelength end) through gamma radiation (at the short-wavelength

end).

1-34. The spectrum encompasses wavelengths, from thousands of kilometers to a fraction of an atom, divided

into alphabetically designated bands for specific wavelengths and frequency ranges. Radio signals can coexist

in the same physical space. The radio frequency spectrum is the continuum of frequencies of electromagnetic

radiation from 3 hertz to 3.000 gigahertz or 3 terahertz. The type of SDD used, users are isolated to specific

frequency bands of the continuum. For example, users of the single channel ground to airborne radio systems

have isolated use of the very high frequency band within the frequency continuum.

1-35. Dependency of the electromagnetic spectrum by both friendly, neutral, and enemy actors results in

congestion. Figure 1-3, page 1-8, displays the different frequency bands of the electromagnetic spectrum and

just some of the commercial and military SDDs competing in each of those bands.

Chapter 1

1-10 ATP 6-02.70 16 October 2019

emissions and responses and intermodulation products. The spectrum manager is vital to ensuring all Army

SDDs operate as intended without EMI. The spectrum manager is the commander’s resident expert who

provides courses of action based on software modeling and simulations to mitigate EMI.

1-41. Commanders and spectrum users should understand that the electromagnetic spectrum is not a

replaceable resource like fuel or ammunition. Once the allotted spectrum is in use, it is no longer available

for use depending upon system and environmental variables. Operationally, the commander may need to

assess the impact of sacrificing other potentially critical capabilities to ensure the use of more important

SDDs. The goal is to protect systems from harmful interference while allowing the optimum use of the

spectrum.

Note. SMO is bottom driven for requirements while top fed for resources. The brigade combat

teams represent the tactical edge, and it is critical that the staff at each echelon captures all

requirements to ensure commanders receive the proper resources. Maximizing the use of the

electromagnetic spectrum requires the spectrum manager to coordinate with EW, network

operations, intelligence staffs, and other known users.

CONGESTED AND CONTESTED ENVIRONMENT

1-42. Gaining and maintaining control of the electromagnetic spectrum is a critical requirement for the

commander. From communications to intelligence collection, to electronic warfare, all forces and supporting

agencies depend on the electromagnetic spectrum to execute operations in the air, land, maritime, space, and

cyberspace domains. Within the electromagnetic spectrum, joint forces contend with civil agencies,

commercial entities, allied forces, and adversaries for the use of a common electromagnetic spectrum

resource. This demand for electromagnetic spectrum use results in a congested and contested environment

that affects operations across all domains and functions.

CONGESTED ENVIRONMENT

1-43. The electromagnetic spectrum congestion results from multiple SDDs attempting to use the same

portions of the spectrum simultaneously. Congestion can potentially lead to the operational failure of systems

during critical missions due to EMI. The Army shares spectrum-related resources with other Services, civilian

counterparts, friendly forces, enemies, and adversaries. Due to a large number of SDDs using the

electromagnetic spectrum, portions may be unavailable.

1-44. In the past, the bulk of spectrum management only consisted of networked communications emitters

and combat net radio networks. Today, the tactical environment includes a vast number of systems comprised

of SDDs operating throughout the electromagnetic spectrum across the battlefield. The key to sound spectrum

management is having an understanding of all systems in the area of operations (AO) for deconfliction.

1-45. Figure 1-5 on page 1-11, illustrates some of the competing systems that cause challenges throughout

the electromagnetic spectrum. The assistant chief of staff for communications, signal staff officer (G-6) or

the battalion or brigade signal staff officer (S-6) is responsible for coordination with all electromagnetic

spectrum users within a given AO, to identify all requirements for spectrum access. The spectrum manager

uses this information to conduct frequency deconfliction. The G-6/S-6 also maintains a database of all known

emitters and receivers in the AO. Use of this database is to identify and prioritize competing systems for

frequency assignments.

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