.NET应用性能与可扩展性提升指南

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"Improving .NET Application Performance and Scalability" 是一本面向IT专业人士的指南，旨在帮助他们在使用.NET平台构建应用程序时提升性能和可扩展性。该指南强调在设计和架构阶段就设定性能目标，以避免在后期开发过程中解决性能和可扩展性问题，从而降低总体拥有成本(TCO)。本书由微软公司的专家以及外部性能改进、客户和其他IT社区的专业人士共同编写，结合了微软内部在.NET平台上的开发经验。内容涵盖了项目的技术考虑、开发过程中关键角色的贡献以及实现性能目标的工作流程，提供了一个全面的视角。指南分为多个部分，既支持在新项目初期进行高层次决策，也包含针对现有应用的性能优化主题内容。读者可以根据需要关注特定过程或技术，或者从头到尾阅读。这使得开发者能够根据项目的不同阶段和需求选择相应的指导。书中包含了Rico Mariani、Brandon Bohling、Connie U. Smith和Scott Barber等人的前言，由J.D. Meier、Srinath Vasireddy、Ashish Babbar和Alex Mackman等人撰写。虽然书中的公司、组织、产品、域名等都是虚构的，但其提供的原则和实践方法对于真实的软件开发环境具有广泛的应用价值。遵循文档中的指导，开发者可以构建出可靠、经济高效且对终端用户和管理员有吸引力的软件。该指南鼓励开发者在设计阶段就将性能和可扩展性作为核心考虑因素，以确保应用在生命周期内保持优秀的运行状态。 "Improving .NET Application Performance and Scalability" 是一个宝贵的资源，对于那些希望提升.NET应用性能和应对大规模用户需求的开发者和架构师来说，是不可或缺的参考工具。通过实施其中的策略和最佳实践，开发团队可以更有效地满足业务需求，同时减少后期维护的成本。

Contents xv

Collection Guidelines (continued)

Implement Strongly Typed Collections to Prevent Casting Overhead ............ 251

Be Efficient with Data in Collections................................... 251

Collection Types ................................................... 251

ArrayList....................................................... 252

Hashtable...................................................... 252

HybridDictionary ................................................. 252

ListDictionary ................................................... 253

NameValueCollection ............................................. 253

Queue ........................................................ 253

SortedList...................................................... 254

Stack......................................................... 254

StringCollection.................................................. 255

StringDictionary ................................................. 255

More Information ................................................ 255

Reflection and Late Binding ........................................... 256

Prefer Early Binding and Explicit Types Rather Than Reflection................ 256

Avoid Late Binding................................................ 257

Avoid Using System.Object in Performance-Critical Code Paths ............... 257

Enable Option Explicit and Option Strict in Visual Basic.NET ................. 257

Code Access Security ............................................... 258

Consider SuppressUnmanagedCodeSecurity for Performance-Critical

Trusted Scenarios .............................................. 258

Prefer Declarative Demands Rather Than Imperative Demands ............... 259

Consider Using Link Demands Rather Than Full Demands

for Performance-Critical, Trusted Scenarios............................ 259

Working Set Considerations........................................... 260

More Information ................................................ 261

Ngen.exe Explained................................................. 261

Startup Time.................................................... 261

Working Set .................................................... 262

Running Ngen.exe ................................................ 262

Ngen.exe Guidelines................................................ 263

Scenarios Where Startup Time Is Paramount Should Consider

Ngen.exe for Their Startup Path.................................... 263

Scenarios That Benefit from the Ability to Share Assemblies

Should Adopt Ngen.exe .......................................... 263

Scenarios with Limited or No Sharing Should Not Use Ngen.exe .............. 264

Do Not Use Ngen.exe with ASP.NET Version 1.0 and 1.1 ................... 264

Consider Ngen.exe with ASP.NET Version 2.0............................ 264

Measure Performance with and without Ngen.exe ......................... 264

Regenerate Your Image When You Ship New Versions ...................... 265

Choose an Appropriate Base Address ................................. 265

More Information ................................................ 265

Summary ........................................................ 265

Additional Resources................................................ 266

xvi Improving .NET Application Performance and Scalability

Chapter 6

Improving ASP.NET Performance 267

Objectives........................................................ 267

Overview......................................................... 267

How to Use This Chapter ............................................. 268

Architecture ...................................................... 269

Performance and Scalability Issues ..................................... 270

Design Considerations............................................... 272

Consider Security and Performance ................................... 272

Partition Your Application Logically.................................... 273

Evaluate Affinity ................................................. 274

Reduce Round Trips .............................................. 275

Avoid Blocking on Long-Running Tasks................................. 276

Use Caching.................................................... 276

Avoid Unnecessary Exceptions ....................................... 278

Implementation Considerations........................................ 279

Threading Explained ................................................ 279

Formula for Reducing Contention ..................................... 279

More Information ................................................ 281

Threading Guidelines................................................ 281

Tune the Thread Pool by Using the Formula to Reduce Contention ............. 282

Consider minIoThreads and minWorkerThreads for Burst Load................ 282

Do Not Create Threads on a Per-Request Basis .......................... 283

Avoid Blocking Threads ............................................ 283

Avoid Asynchronous Calls Unless You Have Additional Parallel Work ........... 283

More Information ................................................ 284

Resource Management.............................................. 284

Pool Resources.................................................. 284

Explicitly Call Dispose or Close on Resources You Open.................... 285

Do Not Cache or Block on Pooled Resources ............................ 285

Know Your Application Allocation Pattern ............................... 286

Obtain Resources Late and Release Them Early .......................... 286

Avoid Per-Request Impersonation..................................... 286

Pages........................................................... 287

Trim Your Page Size............................................... 287

Enable Buffering ................................................. 289

Use Page.IsPostBack to Minimize Redundant Processing ................... 289

Partition Page Content to Improve Caching Efficiency and Reduce Rendering ..... 290

Ensure Pages Are Batch Compiled.................................... 290

Ensure Debug Is Set to False........................................ 290

Optimize Expensive Loops .......................................... 291

Consider Using Server.Transfer Instead of Response.Redirect ................ 291

Use Client-Side Validation .......................................... 292

Contents xvii

Server Controls.................................................... 292

Identify the Use of View State in Your Server Controls...................... 292

Use Server Controls Where Appropriate................................ 293

Avoid Creating Deep Hierarchies of Controls............................. 294

More Information ................................................ 295

Data Binding...................................................... 295

Avoid Using Page.DataBind ......................................... 296

Minimize Calls to DataBinder.Eval .................................... 296

More Information ................................................ 297

Caching Explained.................................................. 297

Cache API...................................................... 298

Output Caching.................................................. 299

Partial Page or Fragment Caching..................................... 300

Caching Guidelines................................................. 300

Separate Dynamic Data from Static Data in Your Pages .................... 301

Configure the Memory Limit......................................... 302

Cache the Right Data ............................................. 302

Refresh Your Cache Appropriately .................................... 303

Cache the Appropriate Form of the Data................................ 303

Use Output Caching to Cache Relatively Static Pages...................... 303

Choose the Right Cache Location .................................... 304

Use VaryBy Attributes for Selective Caching............................. 305

Use Kernel Caching on Windows Server 2003 ........................... 306

More Information ................................................ 306

State Management ................................................. 307

Store Simple State on the Client Where Possible......................... 307

Consider Serialization Costs ........................................ 308

Application State................................................... 308

Use Static Properties Instead of the Application Object

to Store Application State........................................ 309

Use Application State to Share Static, Read-Only Data ..................... 309

Do Not Store STA COM Objects in Application State ....................... 309

More Information ................................................ 310

Session State..................................................... 310

Choosing a State Store ............................................ 311

Prefer Basic Types to Reduce Serialization Costs ......................... 312

Disable Session State If You Do Not Use It ............................. 312

Avoid Storing STA COM Objects in Session State ......................... 313

Use the ReadOnly Attribute When You Can .............................. 313

More Information ................................................ 313

View State ....................................................... 314

Disable View State If You Do Not Need It ............................... 314

Minimize the Number of Objects You Store In View State ................... 315

Determine the Size of Your View State................................. 316

xviii Improving .NET Application Performance and Scalability

HTTP Modules..................................................... 316

Avoid Long-Running and Blocking Calls in Pipeline Code .................... 316

Consider Asynchronous Events ...................................... 316

More Information ................................................ 317

String Management................................................. 317

Use Response.Write for Formatting Output .............................. 317

Use StringBuilder for Temporary Buffers................................ 318

Use HtmlTextWriter When Building Custom Controls ....................... 318

More Information ................................................ 318

Exception Management .............................................. 318

Implement a Global.asax Error Handler ................................ 319

Monitor Application Exceptions ...................................... 320

Use Try/Finally on Disposable Resources............................... 320

Write Code That Avoids Exceptions.................................... 320

Set Timeouts Aggressively .......................................... 322

More Information ................................................ 323

COM Interop...................................................... 323

Use ASPCOMPAT to Call STA COM Objects.............................. 323

Avoid Storing COM Objects in Session State or Application State ............. 324

Avoid Storing STA Objects in Session State ............................. 324

Do Not Create STA Objects in a Page Constructor......................... 324

Supplement Classic ASP Server.CreateObject with Early Binding .............. 324

More Information ................................................ 325

Data Access...................................................... 325

Use Paging for Large Result Sets..................................... 326

Use a DataReader for Fast and Efficient Data Binding ...................... 327

Prevent Users from Requesting Too Much Data........................... 327

Consider Caching Data ............................................ 327

More Information ................................................ 327

Security Considerations.............................................. 328

Constrain Unwanted Web Server Traffic ................................ 328

Turn Off Authentication for Anonymous Access........................... 328

Validate User Input on the Client ..................................... 329

Avoid Per-Request Impersonation..................................... 329

Avoid Caching Sensitive Data........................................ 329

Segregate Secure and Non-Secure Content ............................. 329

Only Use SSL for Pages That Require It ................................ 330

Use Absolute URLs for Navigation .................................... 330

Consider Using SSL Hardware to Offload SSL Processing ................... 330

Tune SSL Timeout to Avoid SSL Session Expiration ........................ 331

More Information ................................................ 331

IIS 6.0 Considerations............................................... 332

Process Model .................................................. 332

Kernel Mode Caching ............................................. 333

Web Gardens ................................................... 334

Garbage Collector Configuration Flag.................................. 335

Contents xix

Deployment Considerations........................................... 336

Avoid Unnecessary Process Hops .................................... 337

Understand the Performance Implications of a Remote Middle Tier ............ 337

Short Circuit the HTTP Pipeline ...................................... 337

Configure the Memory Limit......................................... 338

Disable Tracing and Debugging ...................................... 338

Ensure Content Updates Do Not Cause Additional Assemblies to Be Loaded ..... 339

Avoid XCOPY Under Heavy Load ...................................... 340

Consider Precompiling Pages........................................ 341

Consider Web Garden Configuration ................................... 341

Consider Using HTTP Compression ................................... 341

Consider Using Perimeter Caching.................................... 341

Summary ........................................................ 342

Additional Resources................................................ 342

Chapter 7

Improving Interop Performance 343

Objectives........................................................ 343

Overview......................................................... 343

How to Use This Chapter ............................................. 344

Architecture ...................................................... 345

Platform Invoke (P/Invoke).......................................... 345

IJW and Managed Extensions for C++ ................................. 346

COM Interop.................................................... 347

Performance and Scalability Issues ..................................... 349

Design Considerations .............................................. 350

Design Chunky Interfaces to Avoid Round Trips ........................... 350

Reduce Round Trips with a Facade .................................... 351

Implement IDisposable if You Hold Unmanaged Resources Across Client Calls . . . 352

Reduce or Avoid the Use of Late Binding and Reflection .................... 352

Implementation Considerations........................................ 353

Marshaling....................................................... 354

Explicitly Name the Target Method You Call.............................. 354

Use Blittable Types Where Possible................................... 354

Avoid Unicode to ANSI Conversions Where Possible....................... 356

Use IntPtr for Manual Marshaling ..................................... 356

Use [in] and [out] to Avoid Unnecessary Marshaling ....................... 356

Avoid Aggressive Pinning of Short-Lived Objects.......................... 357

Marshal.ReleaseComObject........................................... 357

Consider Calling ReleaseComObject in Server Applications.................. 358

Do Not Force Garbage Collections with GC.Collect ........................ 362

Code Access Security (CAS)........................................... 362

Consider Using SuppressUnmanagedCode for Performance-Critical

Trusted Scenarios .............................................. 363

Consider Using TLBIMP /unsafe for Performance-Critical Trusted Scenarios ...... 363

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