探索MicroPython：微控制器与嵌入式系统的编程指南

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"《Programming with MicroPython》是 Nicholas H. Tollervey 所著的一本关于使用 MicroPython 进行微控制器和嵌入式系统编程的书籍。这本书通过四个不同但典型的设备，向读者介绍了MicroPython，这些设备的核心都是微控制器。与传统的计算机相比，微控制器设备在资源上更为有限，它们将内存、存储和处理等功能集成在一个小芯片上，可能还包含一些特定的功能，如声音、图形和网络等。" 本书详细探讨了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **MicroPython**：MicroPython 是 Python 语言的一个精简实现，专为微控制器和嵌入式系统设计。它保留了Python的核心语法和许多标准库，但在资源受限的硬件上运行，使得开发者能够在小型设备上编写和执行Python代码。 2. **微控制器（MCU）**：微控制器是一种集成的计算平台，它将CPU、内存、输入/输出接口以及其他外围设备都集成在一个芯片上。微控制器广泛应用于嵌入式系统，如家用电器、汽车电子设备和物联网设备等。 3. **嵌入式系统**：嵌入式系统是嵌入到其他系统中的计算机，负责特定的控制任务。这些系统通常对实时性、功耗和尺寸有严格的要求，MicroPython 提供了一种灵活的方式来编程和控制这些系统。 4. **典型设备案例**：书中通过四个不同的设备示例，展示了如何在实际应用中使用 MicroPython。这可以帮助读者理解如何根据具体设备的特点来编写和优化代码，提高对微控制器编程的理解。 5. **编程实践**：书中涵盖了如何设置开发环境、编写和上传代码、调试以及利用MicroPython的标准库进行项目开发。这些实践经验有助于读者快速上手并掌握 MicroPython 编程。 6. **资源管理**：由于微控制器的资源有限，因此在编写 MicroPython 代码时，需要考虑内存和处理器效率。书中可能会介绍如何有效地管理这些资源，包括内存分配、优化代码和避免不必要的计算。 7. **网络和通信**：MicroPython 支持网络功能，允许微控制器连接到互联网或其他设备进行通信。书中的内容可能包括如何使用 MicroPython 实现物联网(IoT)应用，如传感器数据的收集和传输。 8. **外设交互**：通过 MicroPython，可以控制微控制器上的各种外设，如LED、按钮、电机、传感器等。书会讲解如何读取和操作这些外设，实现物理世界和代码之间的互动。 9. **错误处理和调试**：在微控制器编程中，错误处理和调试尤为重要。书中可能包含有关如何调试代码和处理异常的技巧，帮助开发者构建更健壮的系统。 10. **持续学习与进阶**：最后，本书可能会介绍一些进阶主题，如如何扩展MicroPython库，或者与其他硬件平台（如STM32）的集成，以满足更复杂项目的需求。《Programming with MicroPython》是一本全面介绍如何使用Python语言在微控制器和嵌入式系统上进行编程的指南，对于想要涉足这一领域的开发者来说，是一份宝贵的资源。

1 MicroPython works on many different devices. The four used in this book were chosen because they repre‐

sent the diversity of choice while being exemplars of the different sorts of device that are available. If you have

a different sort of embedded device running MicroPython, the general principles outlined in this book remain

the same, and it should be relatively simple to adapt the code examples.

CHAPTER 1

What Is MicroPython?

MicroPython is a reimplementation of the Python programming language that tar‐

gets microcontrollers and embedded systems.

Microcontrollers are computers shrunk onto a single, very small chip. Embedded sys‐

tems are computers that function within a larger mechanical or electrical system.

Embedded systems often use microcontrollers.

This book introduces, explores, and explains MicroPython through four typical yet

different devices,

all of which have a microcontroller at their core.

Such devices are very different to other sorts of computer. Most computers contain

lots of parts: memory, storage, and processing are physically separate components

containing various specialist chips. They may also contain additional parts for sound,

graphics, and networking capabilities. Such computers are significantly more power‐

ful than the resource-constrained, microcontroller-based devices used in this book.

This raises two important questions:

• Why use such small, underpowered microcontroller-based devices?

• Why use Python?

Answering these questions illustrates why there is so much excitement surrounding

MicroPython.

2 Such text-based worlds are called MOOs (multiuser object orientation), and many are still available online.

See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOO.

Why Micro?

Computers are amazing and seemingly magical things.

For example, it is commonplace to make video calls to the other side of the world.

Yet, just 20 years ago, this was the realm of science fiction.

Any

suciently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.

—Arthur C. Clarke, Hazards of Prophecy: e Failure of Imagination

The quote from science-fiction author Arthur C. Clarke suggests advanced technol‐

ogy appears as awe-inspiring magic. He forgot to mention that any sufficiently

advanced technology is boring if it’s everywhere. Familiarity and ubiquity banish any

sense of wonder for all but the most inquisitive.

What do I mean?

I am just old enough to remember a world without computers everywhere. First

encounters with computers felt like magic. For instance, when I was at university in

the 1990s, I spent hours connected to multiuser, text-based virtual worlds

collaborat‐

ing with people connected to the server from all over the globe. It felt amazing to

work, in real-time, with such a diverse and far-flung group of friends. I was especially

pleased to discover I could chat with my fellow users, albeit in a textual sense. Being

British I always enquired about the weather and found it strangely satisfying to

instantly know conditions in San Francisco, Tel Aviv, or Singapore (usually, better

than the weather in London). Knowing this information and, more importantly,

knowing how to get such information felt like magic.

Depending on your age, you probably experience one of two reactions to my

example:

1. A tingle of nostalgia for those wonderful, exciting, and amazing early days of the

internet.

2. Spare us reminiscences of the good old days; haven’t you heard of social media?

Today, my own children are unsurprised when they video-call their grandparents

from mobile phones. There is no longer a sense of amazement or wonder at such

feats of engineering. Rather, like generations of children before them, they’re more

impressed, intrigued, and entertained by the magic found in stories, legends, and

fairy tales.

Why?

2 | Chapter 1: What Is MicroPython?

3 We’ll look at what it means for an object to be “enchanted” in greater detail later in the book, especially with

reference to a framework of ideas suggested by Professor David Rose of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech‐

nology (MIT).

It captures their imagination, whereas the use of everyday objects is humdrum and

unremarkable.

Take the world of J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter books—a world populated by enchanted

objects, magical forces, and incantations that bestow upon the user the ability to

transform the world around them. Readers are drawn into the world because they

imagine, “Wouldn’t it be amazing if I owned an invisibility cloak, flying broom, or

could cast a spell that allowed me to breathe under water?” There is a sense of wonder

in the magic found in Rowling’s world. The same could be said of Tolkien’s Middle

Earth, ancient Greek legends, any number of super heroes and Force-wielding Jedi in

the Star Wars movies. It’s fun to be immersed in such magical realms—they entertain

by encouraging a sense of wonder while giving imagination the freedom to wander.

It’s an opportunity to ask yourself, “What would I do if I were the magic wielding

hero?”

What has this to do with microcontrollers?

Such computing devices allow programmers to ask a similar question. Imaginations

are set free to roam but, just as in literature and life, there is always a tension between

right and wrong, good and evil, yes or no.

How?

Everyday objects containing small, embedded microcontrollers become programma‐

ble. If they are programmable, they have agency (the state of being in action) and

autonomy (the capability of choosing how to act given certain situations). Rather

than being static, dead objects, they become independent and demonstrate behav‐

iours that bring them to life. Microcontroller-based devices are small enough to be

stuck, sewn, soldered, and screwed in and on to other objects, turning everyday

things into programmable “enchanted” objects.

Most importantly, anyone with the

right knowledge can “cast a spell” in code to modify the activities and behaviour of

such objects.

Just as in literary worlds, embedded systems appear magical in ways that engage and

inspire. Consequently, our world becomes programmable in a way that is similar to

how make-believe spells control a fictional, magical world. Imagination and a sense

of wonder for computing is, in a sense, restored. We regain the opportunity to ask

ourselves, “What would I do if I could program these devices?” As Seymour Papert

tells us, someone who learns to write code “both acquires a sense of mastery over a

piece of the most modern and powerful technology and establishes an intense contact

with some of the deepest ideas from science, from mathematics, and from the art of

Why Micro? | 3

There are copious educational resources available for Python developers of all levels

of experience. If you are unfamiliar with Python, you’ll find many free tutorials, cour‐

ses, and meetups online; and, as you grow into Python, its excellent documentation

and the technical support of its community will expand your horizons.

This book will not include a Python tutorial.

There are a huge number of resources for both experienced pro‐

grammers converting to Python and beginner programmers taking

their first steps in code. Many of these resources are available

online for free, and O’Reilly is rightly famous for the quality of its

books and online video tutorials about Python. If you’re a complete

beginner, I highly recommend Jake VanderPlas’s free A Whirlwind

Tour of Python and Allen Downey’s ink Python.

A word of warning: learn Python 3 and avoid Python 2.

Python 2 is an earlier version of the language that’s still widely used

for legacy reasons. It won’t be supported from 2020.

While Python 2 and Python 3 are very similar, and it’s even possi‐

ble to write Python code that works on both versions, Python 3 is

under active development, contains many improvements to Python

2, and includes useful new features that’ll never be available in

Python 2.

MicroPython is a reimplementation of Python 3, and, for the rest

of the book, it is assumed you have a basic level of understanding

of Python 3, its syntax, and idioms.

MicroPython is a full reimplementation of Python 3. Apart from some differences

described in the coming paragraphs, what you know about Python also applies to

MicroPython. The most obvious difference between regular Python and Micro‐

Python is that MicroPython is designed to work under extraordinarily constrained

conditions (such as just 16 kilobytes of RAM on the micro:bit).

MicroPython runs “bare-metal” directly on the hardware: there is no underlying

operating system like Windows, macOS, or Linux. All the operations and services

usually provided by an operating system are handled directly by MicroPython.

MicroPython has complete and direct control of the hardware, so, in effect, Micro‐

Python is the operating system.

Apart from a few exceptions, all of the language features of Python are also in Micro‐

Python. Due to the limited nature of the devices, MicroPython does not come with

the full standard library by default. Rather, depending on the device, it will come with

a subset of the standard library, often reimplemented in an efficient embedded-

Why Python? | 5

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