Mac OS X 10.2手册：大卫·波格详解操作系统

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"mac os manual" 本书《Mac OS X: The Missing Manual, 2nd Edition》是由David Pogue编写的，旨在详细介绍Mac OS 10操作系统，特别是针对OS X 10.2版本的更新。这本书是纽约时报的计算机专栏作家David Pogue的力作，他以其严谨的客观性对这一操作系统进行了全面的剖析，揭示了新功能的优点和不足。书中几乎每一页都有新的内容，提供了关于OS X 10.2众多改变的详尽细节。在《Mac OS X: The Missing Manual》的第二版中，读者可以学习到： 1. **新特性详解**：了解哪些新功能运行良好，哪些则不尽如人意。这包括了操作系统中的界面改进、性能提升、新工具和应用程序等。 2. **三大操作系统合一**：Mac OS X融合了Classic Mac OS、NeXTSTEP和BSD Unix的元素，使得它具有丰富的功能和强大的稳定性。书中将解释这些不同系统的结合如何影响用户体验。 3. **基础知识**：对于初学者，书本将引导读者进入Mac OS X的世界，学习文件夹和窗口的管理，以及基本的操作系统交互方式。 4. **桌面环境**：Part I主要讲解Mac OS X的桌面环境，包括如何打开和使用文件夹、窗口的基本操作，以及如何高效地浏览和管理文件。 5. **系统操作**：书中还会涵盖系统设置、偏好设置、多任务处理、Finder的使用、Dock的个性化设置等日常操作。 6. **开发者视角**：虽然不是专门针对iPhone应用软件开发，但熟悉Mac OS X对于想要进行iOS开发的读者来说是基础且重要的，因为iOS是基于Mac OS X的。 7. **额外资源**：附带的CD-ROM可能包含实用的工具、示例代码或练习，帮助读者进一步理解和实践书中的概念。 8. **反馈机制**：书中的“Reviews”、“ReaderReviews”和“Errata”部分，提供了读者的评价和反馈，以及可能出现的印刷错误，这对于读者来说是宝贵的补充信息。《Mac OS X: The Missing Manual, 2nd Edition》是一本全面而深入的指南，适合所有级别的Mac用户，无论是新手还是有经验的用户，都能从中受益。通过阅读这本书，读者可以更好地理解Mac OS X 10系统的特性，提高自己的操作效率，并为iPhone应用软件开发打下坚实的基础。

[ Team LiB ]

Introduction

Without a doubt, Mac OS X is a stunning technical achievement. In fact, it may be the most advanced personal-

computer operating system on earth. But beware its name.

The X is meant to be a Roman numeral, pronounced "ten." Unfortunately, many people see "Mac OS X" and say

"Mac O.S. ex." That's a sure way to get funny looks in public.

Then there's the "Mac OS" part—what a misnomer! Mac OS X is not, in fact, the Mac OS. Under the hood, it bears

no resemblance whatsoever to the traditional Mac operating system. Apple designed Mac OS X to look something

like the old Mac system software, and certain features have been written to work like they used to. But all of that

is just an elaborate fake-out. Mac OS X is utterly new, written from scratch. It's not so much Mac OS X, in other

words, as Steve Jobs 1.0.

If you've never used a computer before, none of this matters. You have nothing to unlearn. You'll find an

extremely simple, beautifully designed desktop waiting for you.

But if you're one of the millions of people who have grown accustomed to Windows or the traditional Mac OS,

Mac OS X may come as a bit of a shock. Hundreds of features you thought you knew have been removed,

replaced, or relocated. (If you ever find yourself groping for an old, favorite feature, see Appendix C and

Appendix D, the "Where'd it go?" dictionaries for former Mac OS 9 and Windows people.)

Why did Apple throw out the operating system that made it famous to begin with? Through the years, Apple kept

on piling new features onto a software foundation originally poured in 1984, doing its best to perform nips and

tucks to the ancient software to make it resemble something modern. But underneath, the original foundation

was beginning to creak, and programmers complained of the "spaghetti code" that the Mac OS had become.

Apple felt that there wasn't much point in undertaking a dramatic system-software overhaul if they couldn't nail

every key feature of modern computer technology in the process, especially crash-proofness. Starting from

scratch—and jettisoning the system software we'd come to know over the years—was the only way to do it.

The result is an operating system that provides a liberating sense of freedom and stability—but one that, for

existing computer fans, requires a good deal of learning (and forgetting).

Most people eventually conclude that the trade-off is well worth making. But in fact, you have little choice. Apple

is switching to Mac OS X, and if you expect to remain a Mac user, sooner or later, you will, too.

[ Team LiB ]

What Mac OS X 10.2 Gives You

The main thing you gain by moving to Mac OS X is stability. You and your Mac may go for years without ever

witnessing a system crash. Oh, it's technically possible for Mac OS X to crash—but few have actually witnessed

such an event. Rumors of such crashes circulate on the Internet like Bigfoot sightings. (If it happens to you, turn

promptly to Appendix B.)

Underneath the gorgeous, shimmering, translucent desktop of Mac OS X is Unix, the industrial-strength, rock-

solid OS that drives many a Web site and university. It's not new by any means; in fact, it's decades old, and has

been polished by generations of programmers. That's precisely why Steve Jobs and his team chose it as the basis

for the NeXT operating system (which Jobs worked on during his twelve years away from Apple), which Apple

bought in 1997 to turn into Mac OS X.

All About "Jaguar"

What's this business about Jaguar?

Most software companies develop their wares in secret, using code names to refer to new products

to throw outsiders off the scent. Apple's code names for Mac OS X and its descendants have been

named after big cats: Mac OS X was Cheetah, 10.1 was Puma, and 10.2 was Jaguar.

Usually, the code name is dropped as soon as the product is complete. It's generally given a new

name by the marketing department. In Mac OS X 10.2's case, though, Apple thought that the Jaguar

name was cool enough that it retained the name for the finished product. It even seems to suggest

the new system's speed and power. That's why the CD and the box feature Jaguar fur as a design

element.

In most countries, the word "Jaguar" even appears on the box—but not everywhere. In the United

Kingdom, for example, jaguar fur still appears on the box and the CD, but Apple carefully refrains

from using the term Jaguar. That's a result of threatening memos from the automaker. Evidently,

Jaguar Cars, Ltd. worries that consumers might be confused and—when shopping for a $75,000

sports car—might walk out with a $130 software kit by mistake.

But crash resistance isn't only the big-ticket item. The list below identifies the highlights, both of Mac OS X itself

and of the 10.2 (Jaguar) version. (Apple says it added 150 new features to Mac OS X in Jaguar. The truth is,

Apple undercounted.)

● New desktop features. In addition to the familiar list and icon views, Mac OS X offers something called

column view, which lets you burrow deeply into nested folders without leaving a trail of open windows.

At your option, every desktop window can also display a button-studded toolbar, exactly as in a Web

browser. You can install and remove buttons there (frequently used files or programs, for example) just

by dragging.

The Finder (the Mac's desktop world) even offers an Undo command that really works. It can restore to

its original folder an icon that you just dragged, for example.

10.2 news: In version 10.2, the Finder really matured, turning from a squeaky-voiced teenager to a star

college athlete. For starters, Apple gave the Finder the one additional feature it sorely needed: speed. It's

really fast, especially when starting up, opening windows, and launching programs, including the Classic

simulator (more on that in a moment).

There are lots of other touches, too. The toolbar now has a Forward button, not just Back. When you

replace a file with another one of the same name, you're now told whether it's older or newer than the

one you're moving, just as in older Mac OS versions and Windows. "Spring-loaded" folders are back. A

new icon-view option puts file names to the right of their icons, conserving space. A new, optional second

line under an icon's name tells you how many items are in a folder, what the dimensions are of a graphic,

and so on. The old Get Info command is back, too, with a few sweet new tricks.

If you work with the very young or technophobic, you'll appreciate 10.2's ability to hide certain programs

and options from certain people. It can even pare itself down to a completely blank desktop (called

Simple Finder) with almost no menus at all.

Finally, there's a new Search bar in every Finder toolbar for searching the window you're in, plus a

speedy new system-wide Find command. No longer must you haul the massive, slow Sherlock program to

the screen just to search your disk for a file or two.

● The Dock. At the bottom of the screen, you'll find a row of beautiful, photorealistic icons. This is the

Dock, the single most controversial and important new feature in Mac OS X. All at once, it's a launcher, a

status display, and an organizational tool.

Chapter 3 covers the Dock in astounding detail.

10.2 news: The Dock's background is now solid rather than striped. But don't think that Apple enhanced

the dock with nothing more impressive than a new background—oh, no! It also added (in the Sound

panel of System Preferences) the option to play a tiny whoosh sound when you drag something off the

Dock.

● Advanced graphics. What the programmers get excited about is the set of advanced graphics

technologies called things like Quartz (for two-dimensional graphics) and OpenGL (for three-dimensional

graphics). For the rest of us, these technologies translate into a beautiful, translucent look for the

desktop (a design scheme Apple calls Aqua); smooth looking (antialiased) lettering everywhere on the

screen; and the ability to turn any document on the screen into an Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file (

Section

13.5).

10.2 news: Mac OS X 10.2 takes the good looks to a new extreme, with subtler colors, more opaque

menus, a new "wait" cursor (a spinning beachball, spinning CD, or spinning lollipop, depending on whom

you ask), and self-changing desktop pictures (at intervals you specify). A new button makes it even

easier to save a document as a PDF file, and 10.2 comes with even more free fonts.

10.2 also introduces Quartz Extreme, a technology that offloads graphics calculations to your Mac's video

card to make them even faster, as well as add visual effects like crossfades and a drop shadow under the

cursor. To benefit from Quartz Extreme, your Mac's video card must be on The List (GeForce2 MX,

GeForce3, GeForce4 MX, GeForce4 Ti, or any "AGP-based ATI Radeon" card). Unfortunately, this list

excludes the white iBooks sold in 2001 and 2002, along with older PowerBooks.

● Advanced networking. When it comes to hooking up your Mac to other computers, including those on

the Internet, few operating systems can touch Mac OS X. It offers advanced features like multihoming,

which, for example, lets your laptop switch automatically and invisibly from its cable modem settings to

its dial-up modem settings when you take it on the road.

10.2 news: Macs and Windows PCs can now "see" each other on a network automatically, so that you can

open, copy, and work on files on each other's machines as though the age-old religious war between

Macs and PCs had never even existed. The new OS also introduces something called Rendezvous, a

fledgling technology that, someday, will let programs and hardware add-ons "see" and recognize each

other on a network without any setup at all.

● Lots of accessory programs. Mac OS X comes with a broad array of interesting software. Some, like

Mail, you may wind up using every day; others, like the 3-D, voice-activated Chess program, are

designed primarily to let you and Apple show off Mac OS X to flabbergasted onlookers.

10.2 news: In Jaguar, the list of freebies is even longer. Now there's iChat, an AOL-compatible instant-

messaging program; iCal, a calendar program that syncs with Palm organizers; and Sherlock 3, which

finds useful information on the Web (flight info, movies, stocks, phone numbers, and so on) and even

organizes it for you. The existing programs have been beefed up, too—now there's a junk-mail zapper in

Mail, page-navigation controls in Preview, a scientific mode (and editable paper-tape option) in the

Calculator, a system-wide Address Book, and so on.

● Simpler everything. Most applications in Mac OS X show up as a single icon. Behind the scenes, they

may have dozens of individual software crumbs, just like the programs of Mac OS 9 or Windows—but Mac

OS X treats that single icon as though it's a folder. All the support files are hidden away inside, where you

don't have to look at them. In other words, to remove a program from your Mac, you just drag the

application's single icon to the Trash, without having to worry that you're leaving scraps behind.

● Voice control, keyboard control. You can operate every menu in every program entirely from the

keyboard or—new in 10.2—even by voice. These are terrific timesavers for efficiency freaks.

10.2 news: Speaking of speaking: Several of 10.2's many new features for the disabled are useful for

almost anybody—including the system's ability to read aloud any text in any program. Web pages, email,

your novel, you name it. In fact, you can even turn the Mac's spoken performance into an MP3 file, ready

to transfer to your iPod music player to enjoy on the road.

● Tighter Internet integration. Mac OS X makes your Mac more a part of the Internet than it ever has

been before. Not only can you treat an iDisk (

Section 18.9.3) as though it's an external hard drive,

available all the time, but Mac OS X includes the famous and popular Apache Web server. That's Unix

software that lets your Mac be a Web site, dishing out Web pages to all comers (

Section 21.1.1).

10.2 news: 10.2 takes Internet features to a new level. For corporate types, Mac OS X now offers virtual

private networking, so you can dial into the corporate office securely over the Internet. For economical

types, the new Internet Sharing feature lets you share a single Internet connection (like one cable

modem or DSL box) with a whole network of Macs. And for safety types, the new Mac OS X firewall keeps

your Mac secure from the invasive efforts of Internet no-goodniks.

● A command-line interface. In general, Apple has completely hidden from you every trace of the Unix

operating system that lurks beneath Mac OS X's beautiful skin. For the benefit of programmers and other

technically oriented fans, however, Apple left uncovered a couple of tiny passageways into that far more

complex realm.

Chapter 15 and Chapter 16 cover Mac OS X's Unix underpinnings in more depth. For now, it's enough to

note that, if you like, you can capitalize on the command-line interface of Mac OS X. That simply means

that you can type out cryptic commands, which the Mac executes instantly and efficiently, in an all-text

window.

● If you're splurting your orange juice, outraged at the irony, well, you wouldn't be the first. Apple is, of

course, the company who put itself on the map by establishing the superiority of the graphic interface—

mouse, icons, menus, and windows. The requirement to type out memorized commands, Apple led us to

believe, should die a quick and ugly death. Yet here it is again, in what's supposed to be the world's most

modern and advanced operating system.

Truth is, there's not much harm in it. The command line is completely hidden until you ask for it. It's very

useful for programmers, network administrators, and other people for whom the computer is not just an

adventure—it's a job.

● Better hardware integration. In Mac OS X 10.2, Apple cleaned up its act regarding external gadgetry.

USB printer sharing is back, so that several Macs on a network can use the same injket printer. Just in

case your printer doesn't have a Mac OS X-compatible driver yet, Apple provided CUPS (Common Unix

Printer System), a secret configuration page that makes many older printers work with Mac OS X. The

Mac can now speak Bluetooth—if equipped with Apple's $50 Bluetooth adapter and some other Bluetooth

gadget to speak to, like a Bluetooth-equipped Palm or a Bluetooth cellphone. And the new Energy Saver

has special options for laptops—like separate settings for battery and power-cord use.

● A better installer. The Mac OS X 10.2 installer offers some welcome new options—like a "clean install"

option that gives you an all-new, fresh copy of Mac OS X without requiring you to back up your whole

Mac.

● Other 10.2 tweaks. The complete list of changes in Mac OS X 10.2 would fill a book—in fact, you're

holding it. But some of the nicest changes aren't so much new features as the removal of bugs and

glitches. Macs don't show up in duplicate and triplicate in the Connect to Server window. Icons now stay

put on the desktop where you left them. Renaming icons now works as it should. And so on.

On the other hand, even 10.2 isn't bug-free in the original release. That's why installing the upgrades

that occasionally come your way via your Internet connection—10.2.1 and beyond—is an excellent idea.

Mac OS X: the Buzzword-Compliant Operating System

You can't read an article about Mac OS X without hearing certain technical buzzwords that were once

exclusively the domain of computer engineers. Apple is understandably proud that Mac OS X offers

all of these sophisticated, state-of-the-art operating system features. Unfortunately, publicizing them

means exposing the rest of us to a lot of fairly unnecessary geek terms. Here's what they mean:

Preemptive multitasking. Most people know that multitasking means "doing more than one thing

at once." The Mac has always been capable of making a printout, downloading a file, and letting you

type away in a word processor, all at the same time.

Unfortunately, the Mac OS 7/8/9 (and Windows 95/98/Me) version of multitasking works by the rule

of the playground: the bully gets what he wants. If one of your programs insists on hogging the

attention of your Mac's processor (because it's crashing, for example), it leaves the other programs

gasping for breath. This arrangement is called cooperative multitasking. Clearly, it works only if your

programs are in fact cooperating with each other.

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