Microsoft Prism 4开发者指南：构建WPF和Silverlight的模块化MVVM应用

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《微软普林斯4（开发者指南）》是一本详尽的指南，专为Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) 和 Silverlight 开发者提供构建可扩展、模块化应用程序以及实现 Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM) 设计模式的工具和最佳实践。该指南覆盖了从基础入门到高级特性的广泛内容，旨在帮助开发者充分利用 Prism 框架提升软件开发效率和代码组织。 1. **概览** - 指南结构丰富，包含多个章节，从简介开始，逐步深入，包括： - **第1章：介绍** - 对Prism框架及其在MVVM架构中的作用进行概述。 - **第2章：初始化Prism应用** - 教导如何正确地设置和配置基于Prism的应用程序。 - **第3章：组件间的依赖管理** - 学习如何有效地处理应用内不同组件之间的依赖关系。 2. **模块化应用开发** - **第4章** 探讨如何使用Prism构建模块化应用，以便于代码复用和维护。 3. **MVVM实践** - **第5章** 提供MVVM模式的实现细节，包括视图、视图模型和命令的交互。 - **第6章：高级MVVM场景** - 包括更复杂的设计模式和解决方案，如命令分发器、事件总线等。 4. **用户界面设计** - **第7章：UI组合** - 如何利用Prism来组织和管理用户界面组件，确保灵活性和一致性。 5. **导航与通信** - **第8章：导航** - 描述如何在应用程序中实现流畅的导航功能，以及组件间的通信策略。 - **第9章：松耦合组件间通信** - 阐述如何在独立组件之间进行低耦合通信，提高代码的可重用性和可维护性。 6. **跨平台共享** - **第10章：Silverlight和WPF代码共享** - 介绍如何在两种平台间共享代码，减少开发成本。 7. **部署与升级** - **附录D：升级指导** - 提供从Prism 2.x版本及复合应用程序指导升级到4.0的步骤。 - **附录E：扩展Prism** - 讨论如何根据项目需求自定义或扩展框架的功能。 8. **参考实现** - **附录F** 包含两个参考实现示例：StockTrader和MVVM参考实现，便于开发者学习和实践。 9. **文档附件** - **附录A：术语表** - 解释专业术语，确保开发者对框架有清晰的理解。 - **附录B：Prism库模式** - 提供框架核心设计模式的详细描述。 - **附录G：快速开始** - 帮助新手快速上手Prism开发。《微软普林斯4开发者指南》是一份全面的资源，涵盖了从框架安装到高级应用场景的方方面面，对于任何想要深入理解和使用Prism框架的开发者来说，是不可或缺的参考工具。

This section describes how to install Prism. It involves the following three steps:

Install system requirements.

Extract the Prism source code, binaries, and documentation.

Step 1: Install System Requirements

Prism was designed to run on the Microsoft Windows 7, Windows Vista, or Windows Server 2008 operating system.

This version has been smoke tested on Windows XP Professional and Windows Server 2003, but it has not been

exhaustively tested. WPF applications built using this guidance require the .NET Framework 4.0, and Silverlight

applications require Silverlight 4.

Before you can use the Prism Library, the following must be installed:



Microsoft .NET Framework 4.0 (installed with Visual Studio 2010)



Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Professional, Premium, or Ultimate editions

Note:

Visual Studio 2010 Express Edition can be used to develop Prism applications using the Prism Library.

If you are developing Silverlight applications, the following must be installed:



Microsoft Silverlight 4 Tools for Visual Studio 2010 (required for Silverlight development; includes the developer

Silverlight runtime)

Note:

Although the Silverlight Tools for Visual Studio 2010 are not required, it is recommended for all WPF and Silverlight

developers to download and use the latest version of the Silverlight Tools for Visual Studio 2010.

The WPF and Silverlight Designer for Visual Studio is updated together with the Silverlight developer runtime and

software development kit (SDK), which are included in the download. These updates come in the form of new

features and bug fixes.

Optionally, you should consider also installing the following:



Microsoft Expression Blend 4. A professional design tool for creating compelling user experiences and applications

for WPF and Silverlight.



Windows Phone Developer Tools SDK. For Windows Phone 7 development.

Note:

For more information about using Prism on Windows Phone 7, see the Windows Phone 7 Developer Guide community

site on CodePlex (http://wp7guide.codeplex.com/.)

Step 2: Extract the Prism Source Code, Binaries, and Documentation

To install the Prism assets, right-click the Prismv4.exe file, and then click Run as administrator. This will extract the

source code, binaries, and documentation into the folder of your choice.

Step 3: Register the Prism Binaries

Registering the Prism Library with Visual Studio is not required, but doing so simplifies the task of referencing the Prism

Library assemblies in your projects. If you elect to register the binaries, they will be listed in the Visual Studio Add

References dialog box when adding a reference. If you elect to not register the binaries, you will need to manually set

a file reference to the Prism Library binaries in your projects. The Prism Library signed assemblies will be placed in the

following folders:



{prism}\Bin\Desktop



{prism}\Bin\Silverlight



{prism}\Bin\Phone

To register the Prism Library binaries, launch the RegisterPrismBinaries.bat batch file located in the folder where you

extracted Prism. This batch file creates a temporary .reg file with the information required to register the Desktop,

Silverlight, and Phone folders containing the binaries and uses it to update the registry. Because updating the registry

is a privileged operation, a User Account Control (UAC) prompt will appear if you do not have elevated privileges. For

additional information about UAC, see "What is User Account Control."

Note:

At most, one copy of the binaries can be registered using the script; if multiple copies of the Prism Library are

registered, only the binaries for the last registered copy will be available in Visual Studio.

Exploring Prism

What's New in This Release?

Page 16

This release of Prism has been updated to target WPF 4.0 and Silverlight 4, and it contains several areas of new and

significantly updated guidance, including the following:



Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF). Prism now includes guidance on using MEF to manage dependencies

and to maintain loose coupling between components. The use of MEF is explored in Chapter 3, "Managing

Dependencies Between Components."



The Model-View-View Model (MVVM) pattern. Previous versions of Prism have provided extensive guidance

on the use of separated presentation patterns. This guidance has now been updated to focus on the MVVM

pattern. Chapter 5 provides an overview of the MVVM pattern and describes how to implement it. Chapter 6

covers more advanced MVVM scenarios.



Navigation. Prism now provides guidance on implementing navigation within your WPF or Silverlight application.

This guidance covers both state-based navigation, which is used when you update the visual state of a single

view, and view-switching navigation, which is used when navigating between views. Both approaches are

covered in depth in Chapter 8, "Navigation."

Prism now also provides signed binary versions of the Prism Library assemblies. These assemblies are provided as a

convenience for developers who want to use the Prism Library in their own applications without modification. In

addition, all Visual Studio projects (for the Prism Library as well as the reference implementations and QuickStarts)

have also been migrated to use Visual Studio 2010 and Silverlight 4.

For a list of the new features, assets, and API changes, see What's New in Prism 4.0.

What's in the Box?

Prism consists of the following:



Prism Library source code. The source code for the Prism Library assemblies, including the core Prism

functionality, plus Unity and MEF extensions, which provide additional components for using Prism with the Unity

Application Block (Unity) and the Managed Extensibility Framework.



Prism binary assemblies. Signed binary versions of the Prism Library assemblies. These assemblies are located

in the bin folder and are provided as a convenient way for developers to use the Prism Library. The Prism binaries

can be rebuilt and can be registered with Visual Studio using the provided script files. The binary assemblies also

include the Unity Application Block and the Service Locator assemblies.



Reference implementations. Comprehensive sample applications that illustrate how Prism can be used to

implement real-world application scenarios. The reference implementations are intentionally incomplete, but they

illustrate how many of the patterns in Prism can work together within a single application. Prism provides two

reference implementations: the Stock Trader Reference Implementation (Stock Trader RI) and the MVVM

Reference Implementation (MVVM RI).



QuickStarts. Prism includes the source code for several small, focused sample applications that illustrate the

MVVM pattern, navigation, UI composition, modularity, commanding, event aggregation, and multi-targeting.



Documentation. The Prism 4 documentation provides an overview of the goals and concepts behind Prism and

detailed guidance on using each of the capabilities and design patterns provided by Prism. The next section

provides a chapter-by-chapter overview of the topics covered.

Exploring the Documentation

The Prism documentation spans a wide range of topics, including an overview of common development challenges and

the composite application approach, an overview of the Prism Library and the design patterns that it implements, as

well as step-by-step instructions for using the Prism Library during development. The documentation is intended to

appeal to a broad technical audience to help the reader to understand and use Prism within their own applications. The

documentation includes the following:



Chapter 2, "Initializing Prism Applications." This chapter discusses what needs to happen to get a modular Prism

application up and running.



Chapter 3, "Managing Dependencies Between Components." Applications based on the Prism Library rely on a

dependency injection container. Although Prism has the ability to work with nearly any dependency injection

container, the Prism Library provides two default options for dependency injection containers: Unity or MEF. This

chapter discusses the different capabilities and what you need to think about when working with a dependency

injection container.



Chapter 4, "Modular Application Development." This chapter discusses the core concepts, key decisions, and

core scenarios when you create a modular client application with Prism.



Chapter 5, "Implementing the MVVM Pattern." Using the MVVM pattern, you separate the UI of your application

and the underlying presentation and business logic into three separate classes: the view, model, and view

model. This chapter discusses the core concepts behind the MVVM pattern and describes how to implement it in

your application using Prism.



Chapter 6, "Advanced MVVM Scenarios." This chapter provides guidance on implementing more advanced

scenarios using the MVVM pattern, including how to implement composite commands (commands that represent

a group of commands), and how to handle asynchronous web service and user interactions. This chapter also

provides guidance on using a dependency injection container, such as Unity or MEF, to handle the construction

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and wire-up of the MVVM classes.



Chapter 7, "Composing the User Interface". Regions are placeholders that allow a developer to specify where

views will be displayed in the application's UI. In Prism, there are two approaches to displaying views in a region:

view discovery and view injection. This chapter describes how to work with regions and the UI. It also includes

information for UI designers to understand composite applications.



Chapter 8, "Navigation." Navigation is the process by which the application coordinates changes to its UI as a

result of the user's interaction with the application or internal application state changes. This chapter provides

guidance on implementing state-based navigation, where the state of the UI in a view is updated to reflect

navigation, and view-switching navigation, where a new view is created and displayed in a region.



Chapter 9, "Communicating Between Loosely Coupled Components." This chapter discusses the various options

for communicating between components in different modules, using commanding, the EventAggregator, region

context, and shared services.



Chapter 10, "Sharing Code Between Silverlight and WPF." Multi-targeted code is targeting two different platforms

with largely the same code base. In this case, the technologies that this topic describes are WPF and Silverlight.

This chapter helps you understand what multi-targeting is and its advantages and disadvantages. Prism provides

the Project Linker tool to help you to automatically create and maintain links from a source project to a target

project to share code that is common between Silverlight and WPF.



Chapter 11, "Deploying Prism Applications." This chapter addresses deployment considerations for Prism WPF and

Silverlight applications.



Appendix A, "Glossary." This appendix provides a concise summary of the terms, concepts, design patterns and

capabilities provided by Prism.



Appendix B, "Patterns in the Prism Library." This appendix describes the software design patterns applied in the

Prism Library and the Stock Trader RI. This topic primarily targets architects and developers wanting to

familiarize themselves with the patterns used to address the challenges in building composite applications.



Appendix C, "Prism Library." This appendix provides an overview of the Prism Library.

The following topics are included with the source code and online:



Appendix D, "Upgrading from Previous Versions."This appendix discusses what you need to know if you are

upgrading from previous versions of Prism.



Appendix E, "Extending Prism." This appendix discusses how you can extend Prism modularity, behaviors, and

navigation.



Appendix F, "Reference Implementations." This appendix describes the reference implementations included with

Prism. For more information, see the section "Exploring the Reference Implementations."



Appendix G, "QuickStarts." Prism includes the source code for several QuickStarts that demonstrate key

concepts. For more information, see the next section, "Exploring the QuickStarts."



Appendix H, "Prism Hands-On Labs." The hands-on labs demonstrate building a simple composite application,

step-by-step, in WPF and Silverlight. This appendix primarily targets developers who want to understand the

basic concepts of the Prism Library. It also includes a deployment hands-on lab for publishing and updating a

Prism WPF application with ClickOnce.

Exploring the QuickStarts

The QuickStarts are small, focused applications that illustrate specific Prism-related concepts. QuickStarts are an ideal

starting point if you want to gain an understanding of a key concept and you are comfortable learning new techniques

by examining source code. Prism includes the following QuickStarts:



Modularity QuickStarts for WPF and Modularity QuickStarts for Silverlight. These QuickStarts demonstrate how to

build WPF and Silverlight applications composed of modules. The modules can be statically loaded, when the shell

contains a reference to the module's assembly, or dynamically loaded, when modules are dynamically discovered

and loaded at run time. The QuickStarts demonstrate using the Unity container and MEF.



Basic MVVM QuickStart and MVVM QuickStart. The Basic MVVM QuickStart demonstrates how to build a very

simple application that implements the MVVM presentation pattern. The MVVM QuickStart demonstrates how to

build an application that implements the MVVM presentation pattern, showing some of the more common

challenges that developers can face, such as validation, UI interactions, and data templates.



UI Composition QuickStart. This QuickStart demonstrates how to build WPF and Silverlight UIs composed of

different views that are dynamically loaded into regions and that interact with each other in a decoupled way. It

illustrates how to use both the view discovery and view injection approaches for UI composition.



State-Based Navigation QuickStart. This QuickStart demonstrates an approach to define the navigation of a

simple application. The approach used in this QuickStart uses the Silverlight Visual State Manager (VSM) to

define the different states that the application has and defines animations for both the states and the

transitions between states.



View-Switching Navigation QuickStart. This QuickStart demonstrates how to use the Prism Region Navigation

API. The QuickStart shows multiple navigation scenarios, including navigating to a view in a region, navigating to

a view in a region contained in another view (nested navigation), navigation journal support, just-in-time view

creation, passing contextual information when navigating to a view, views and view models participating in

navigation, and using navigation as part of an application built through modularity and UI composition.

Page 18



Commanding QuickStart. This QuickStart demonstrates how to build a WPF or Silverlight UI that uses commands

provided by the Prism Library to handle UI actions in a decoupled way.



Event Aggregation QuickStart. This QuickStart demonstrates how to build a WPF or Silverlight application that

uses the Event Aggregator service. This service enables you to establish loosely coupled communications

between components in your application.



Multi-Targeting QuickStart. This QuickStart demonstrates the structure of a project created to multi-target WPF

and Silverlight environments. It provides a desktop experience (on WPF) and a Rich Internet Application (RIA)

experience (on Silverlight).

Exploring the Reference Implementations

The Prism reference implementations are example applications based on real-world challenges customers are facing.

When you look at these applications, look at them as a reference for building applications with the Prism Library. The

Prism reference implementations include:



Stock Trader Reference Implementation. The Stock Trader RI is a composite application that demonstrates an

implementation of the baseline architecture using the Prism Library.



MVVM Reference Implementation. The MVVM RI demonstrates complex challenges that developers face when

creating applications using the MVVM pattern.

Upgrading from Earlier Releases

If you are upgrading from the previous releases of this guidance, you should review "Upgrading from Previous Releases"

in Appendix D to understand the major differences between this and the previous releases.

If you are upgrading from the Composite UI Application Block (which targeted WinForms) to the Prism Library, you

should review "Upgrading from the Composite UI Application Block" in Appendix D so that you understand how the

concepts in the Composite UI Application Block map to the Prism Library.

An Overview of Prism

Prism Design Goals

Prism was designed to help you design and build rich, flexible, and easy-to-maintain WPF and Silverlight applications.

The Prism Library implements design patterns that embody important architectural design principles, such as separation

of concerns and loose coupling. Using the design patterns and capabilities provided by the Prism Library, you can

design and build applications using loosely coupled components that can evolve independently but that can be easily

and seamlessly integrated into the overall application.

Prism is designed around the core architectural design principles of separation of concerns and loose coupling. This

allows Prism to provide many benefits, including the following:



Reuse. Prism promotes reuse by allowing components and services to be easily developed, tested and

integrated into one or more applications. Reuse can be achieved at the component level through the reuse of

unit-tested components that can be easily discovered and integrated at run time through dependency injection,

and at the application level through the use of modules that encapsulate application-level capabilities that can

be reused across applications.



Extensibility. Prism helps to create applications that are easy to extend by managing component dependencies,

allowing components to be more easily integrated or replaced with alternative implementations at run time, and

by providing the ability to decompose an application into modules that can be independently updated and

deployed. Many of the components in the Prism Library itself can also be extended or replaced.



Flexibility. Prism helps to create flexible applications by allowing them to be more easily updated as new

capabilities are developed and integrated. Prism also allows WPF and Silverlight applications to be developed

using common services and components, allowing the application to be deployed and consumed in the most

appropriate way. It also allows applications to provide different experiences based on role or configuration.



Team Development. Prism promotes team development by allowing separate teams to develop and even deploy

different parts of the application independently. Prism helps to minimize cross-team dependencies and allows

teams to focus on different functional areas (such as UI design, business logic implementation, and

infrastructure code development), or on different business-level functional areas (such as profile, sales,

inventory, or logistics).



Quality. Prism can help to increase the quality of applications by allowing common services and components to

be fully tested and made available to the development teams. In addition, by providing fully tested

implementations of common design patterns, and the guidance needed to fully leverage them, Prism allows

development teams to focus on their application requirements instead of implementing and testing infrastructure

code.

It is important to note that Prism was designed so that you can use any of Prism's capabilities and design patterns

individually, or all together, depending on your requirements and your application scenario. Prism was designed so that

it could be incrementally adopted, allowing you to use the capabilities and design patterns that make sense for your

particular application without requiring major structural changes.

Page 19

Finally, because software testing should be considered a first-class development activity and tightly integrated into

the development process, Prism provides extensive support for various types of software testing, thereby allowing you

to design and build applications that are easy to test. Prism itself was developed with testing in mind. It was

developed to meet multiple strict quality gates to ensure that it meets Microsoft security standards and that it will

function correctly on multiple operating systems, with multiple versions of Visual Studio, and with multiple programming

languages. Unit tests were run after each check-in. In addition, the Prism library was tested against several additional

quality gates, as listed in the following table.

Test

Description

Acceptance Testing

Validates the application functionality using user

scenarios to drive the test requirements. Tests can be

executed manually or automated.

Application Building Exercises

Team members build applications consuming the

deliverable software.

Black Box Testing

Manual acceptance tests perform from the user point of

view.

Cross Browser Testing

All automated tests are run on multiple browsers.

Cross Platform Testing

All automated tests are run on multiple platforms.

Globalization Testing

All automated tests are run on multiple languages.

Performance Testing

Measures how fast a particular aspect of a system

performs under-load.

Security Review

Internal Microsoft security audit standards that cover

thread models, identifying attack factors and running the

code though security analysis tools.

Stress Testing

Measures stability of the system under extreme loads;

specifically looking to drive out issues like memory leaks

and threading issues.

White Box Testing

In-depth source code analysis validating the coding

standards, structure and how it maps to the overall

architecture.

The Prism Library source code includes unit and UI automation tests, as shown in the following table. You can use

these as an educational resource, or you can run the tests against the Prism Library itself. This allows you to

customize, re-compile, test and deploy a modified version of the Prism Library using similar quality gates as the Prism

team.

Test

Description

UI Automation Tests

Limited range of acceptance testing; driving the

application from the user perspective

Unit Tests

Validates the implementation of a class

Prism Key Concepts

Prism provides capabilities and design patterns that may be unfamiliar to you, especially if you're new to design

patterns and composite application development. This section provides a brief overview of the main concepts behind

Prism and defines some of the terminology that you will see used throughout the documentation and code.



Modules. Modules are packages of functionality that can be independently developed, tested, and (optionally)

deployed. In many situations, modules are developed and maintained by separate teams. A typical Prism

application is built from multiple modules. Modules can be used to represent specific business-related

functionality (for example, profile management) and encapsulate all the views, services, and data models

required to implement that functionality. Modules can also be used to encapsulate common application

infrastructure or services (for example, logging and exception management services) that can be reused across

multiple applications.



Module catalog. In a composite application, modules must be discovered and loaded at run time by the host

application. In Prism, a module catalog is used to specify which modules to are to be loaded, when they are

loaded, and in what order. The module catalog is used by the ModuleManager and ModuleLoader

components, which are responsible for downloading the modules if they are remote, loading the module's

assemblies into the application domain, and for initializing the module. Prism allows the module catalog to be

specified in different ways, including programmatically using code, declaratively using XAML, or using a

configuration file. You can also implement a custom module catalog if you need to.

Page 20

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