Perl自动化系统管理：第2版精华解读

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"Automating System Administration with Perl(2nd Edition)" 是一本由 David N. Blank-Edelman 编著的英文版书籍，主要关注如何利用 Perl 进行系统自动化管理。这本书是第二版，适合Perl初学者和有经验的运维人员学习，旨在提升运维工作的效率。在本书中，作者详细讲解了如何利用Perl这一强大的脚本语言来自动化日常的系统管理任务。Perl以其灵活的语法和丰富的库支持，在系统管理和网络编程领域中广泛应用。书中的内容涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Perl基础**：介绍了Perl的基础语法，包括变量、数据类型、流程控制语句（如if、for、while等）、函数和模块的使用，以及正则表达式，这些都是进行自动化工作的重要工具。 2. **文件和文件系统操作**：Perl能够方便地处理文件和目录，包括读写文件、遍历文件系统、创建和删除文件等，这对于自动化处理日志、备份和配置文件等任务至关重要。 3. **网络编程**：Perl可以用于网络通信和协议解析，这对于监控网络状态、自动化网络配置和故障排查非常有用。 4. **系统接口**：书中会讨论如何通过Perl与操作系统进行交互，如执行命令、处理进程、管理系统资源等，这些功能在自动化管理中必不可少。 5. **错误处理和调试**：良好的错误处理和调试技巧可以帮助开发者编写出更健壮的自动化脚本，避免因小问题导致整个流程中断。 6. **模块和CPAN**：Perl拥有庞大的标准库和CPAN（Comprehensive Perl Archive Network）资源，读者将了解到如何利用这些模块快速构建复杂的自动化解决方案。 7. **脚本设计和最佳实践**：书中可能会介绍编写高效、可维护的Perl脚本的原则，包括代码组织、注释、测试和版本控制等。 8. **案例研究**：作者可能通过具体的实例，如自动备份、监控、日志分析等，展示如何在实际工作中应用Perl进行系统自动化。 9. **安全考虑**：自动化脚本的安全性是运维人员必须重视的问题，书中可能涵盖如何在编写脚本时确保系统的安全性。 10. **持续集成和部署**：自动化不仅仅局限于单个任务，还包括整个软件开发周期，如构建、测试和部署，Perl在这方面也有广泛的应用。《Automating System Administration with Perl(2nd Edition)》是一本全面介绍Perl在系统自动化领域的实用指南，无论你是运维新手还是有经验的专业人士，都能从中获得宝贵的知识和技巧，提升你的自动化管理能力。

Preface

Do you need tools for making your system administration work easier and more effi-

cient? You’ve come to the right place.

Perl is a powerful programming language that grew out of the traditional system

administration toolbox. Over the years it has adapted and expanded to meet the chal-

lenges of new operating systems and new tasks. If you know a little Perl, and you need

to perform system administration tasks, this is the right book for you. Readers with

varying levels of both Perl programming experience and system administration expe-

rience will all find something of use within these pages.

What’s New in This Edition?

A tremendous amount of work went into updating this book so it could be even better

than the first edition. Here’s some of what has been improved in the second edition:

New title

My editors and I realized that the material in this book was more about how to

automate your system administration work in ways that would make your working

life more efficient and pleasant than it was about Perl. While Perl is still the toolshed

that makes all this possible, it isn’t the main focus of the book.

New material

It’s hard to know where to begin on this one. The new edition is four chapters and

two appendixes bigger (with a total page count that is 50% greater) than the last

one. Included in this edition are a cornucopia of new tools and techniques that you

are going to love. I tried to add material on the things I wished I had sysadmin-

targeted material on, including: XML and YAML best practices (using XML::LibXML,

XML::Twig, and XPath); dealing with config files; more advanced LDAP topics

(including updated Net::LDAP information); email-related topics (including POP3/

IMAP, MIME, and spam); new ways of dealing with filesystems; more advanced

log file creation and parsing tools; DHCP; mapping/monitoring a network using

Nmap and other tools; packet creation and sniffing; information reporting using

tools like GraphViz, RRDtool, and Timeline; using SHA-2 instead of MD5;

SNMPv3; Mac OS X; converting VBScript code to Perl; geocoding; MP3 file

manipulation; using Google Maps; and so on.

New advice

Part of the value of this book is the advice you can pick up from an experienced

system administrator like me who has been doing this stuff for a long time and has

compared notes with many other seasoned veterans. This new edition is packed

with more sidebars to explain not only the what, but also the why behind the

material.

Operating system and software information updates

All of the text and code has been updated and augmented to work with the latest

versions of Unix- (including Linux and Mac OS X) and Windows-based operating

systems.

Module and code updates/improvements

The descriptions and code in this book match the latest versions of the modules

mentioned in the first edition. In cases where a module is no longer available or a

better alternative has emerged, the appropriate replacement modules have been

substituted. Also, all example code is now “use strict” friendly.

Errata corrected

I have attempted to address all of the errata I received from all of the printings of

the first edition. I appreciate the time readers took to report errors to O’Reilly and

me so I could fix them at each printing and in this edition. Special thanks go to

Andreas Karrer, the German translator for the first edition. Andi pored over every

single byte of the original text and submitted almost 200 (mostly layout-related)

corrections, all with good cheer.

How This Book Is Structured

Each chapter in this book addresses a different system administration domain and ends

with a list of the Perl modules used in that chapter and references to facilitate deeper

exploration of the information presented. The chapters are as follows:

Chapter 1, Introduction

This introductory chapter describes the material covered in the book in more detail,

explaining how it will serve you and what you need to get the most from it. The

material in this book is powerful and is meant to be used by powerful people (e.g.,

Unix superusers and Windows-based operating system administrators). The

introduction provides some important guidelines to help you write more secure

Perl programs.

Chapter 2, Filesystems

This chapter is about keeping multiplatform filesystems tidy and ensuring that they

are used properly. We’ll start by looking at the salient differences between the

native filesystems for each operating system. We’ll then explore the process of

xvi | Preface

intelligently walking or traversing filesystems from Perl and how that can be useful.

Finally, we’ll look at manipulating disk quotas from Perl.

Chapter 3, User Accounts

This chapter discusses how user accounts manifest themselves on two different

operating systems, including what is stored for each user and how to manipulate

the information from Perl. That leads into a discussion of a rudimentary account

system written in Perl. In the process of building this system, we’ll examine the

mechanisms necessary for recording accounts in a simple database, creating these

accounts, and deleting them.

Chapter 4, User Activity

Chapter 4 explores ways to automate tasks centered around user activity, intro-

ducing a number of ways to track and control process, file, and network operations

initiated by users. This chapter also presents various operating system-specific

frameworks and tools (e.g., Windows Management Instrumentation, GUI setup

tools, lsof, etc.) that are helpful for user-oriented tasks on different platforms.

Chapter 5, TCP/IP Name and Configuration Services

Name and configuration services allow hosts on a TCP/IP network to communicate

with each other amicably and to self-configure. This chapter takes a historical per-

spective by starting with host files, then moving on to the Network Information

Service (NIS) and finally to the glue of the Internet, the Domain Name Service

(DNS). Each step of the way, it shows how Perl can make professional management

of these services easier. We’ll also explore how to work with the Dynamic Host

Configuration Protocol (DHCP) from Perl in this chapter.

Chapter 6, Working with Configuration Files

Almost every system or software package we touch relies heavily on configuration

files to be useful in our environment. This chapter explores the tools that make

writing and reading those files from Perl easy. We’ll look at various formats, with

special attention paid to XML and the current best practices for working with it

using Perl.

Chapter 7, SQL Database Administration

Over time, more uses for relational databases are being found in the system ad-

ministration realm. As a result, system administrators need to become familiar with

SQL database administration. This chapter explains DBI, the preeminent SQL

database framework for Perl, and provides examples of it in action for database

administration.

Chapter 8, Email

This chapter demonstrates how Perl can make better use of email as a system ad-

ministration tool. After discussing sending via SMTP (including MIME-based

HTML messages), receiving via POP3/IMAP, and parsing via Perl, we’ll explore

several interesting applications, including tools for analyzing unsolicited commer-

cial email (a.k.a. spam) and managing tech support emails.

Preface | xvii

Chapter 9, Directory Services

As the complexity of the information we deal with increases over time, so does the

importance of the directory services we use to access that information. System

administrators are increasingly being called upon not only to use these services,

but also to build tools for their management. This chapter discusses some of the

more popular directory service protocols/frameworks, such as LDAP and ADSI,

and shows you how to work with them from Perl.

Chapter 10, Log Files

System administrators are often awash in a sea of log files. Every machine, operating

system, and program can (and often does) log information. This chapter looks at

the logging systems offered by Unix- and Windows-based operating systems and

discusses approaches for analyzing logging information so it can work for you.

Chapter 11, Security

This chapter heads right into the maelstrom called “security,” demonstrating how

Perl can make hosts and networks more secure.

Chapter 12, SNMP

This chapter is devoted to the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). It

illustrates how to use this protocol to communicate with network devices (both to

poll and to receive trap information).

Chapter 13, Network Mapping and Monitoring

Perl offers some excellent tools for the mapping and monitoring of networks. In

this chapter, we’ll look at several ways to discover the hosts on the network and

the services they offer. We’ll then explore helpful graphical and textual ways to

present the information collected, including some of the best tools for graphing

and charting the data (such as GraphViz and RRDtool).

Chapter 14, Experiential Learning

This is the chapter you don’t want your boss to catch you reading.

Appendixes

Some of the chapters assume basic knowledge about topics with which you may

not be familiar. For those who are new to these subjects, this book includes several

mini-tutorials to bring you up to speed quickly. The appendixes provide introduc-

tions to the eXtensible Markup Language (XML), the XML Path Language (XPath),

the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), the Structured Query Lan-

guage (SQL), the Revision Control System (RCS), translating VBScript to Perl, and

SNMP.

xviii | Preface

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