数据库管理系统原理与设计解答手册

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"数据库管理系统原理与设计答案" 本资源是一本关于数据库管理系统的解决方案手册，由Raghu Ramakrishnan、Johannes Gehrke以及Cornell大学的Jeﬀ Derstadt、Scott Selikoﬀ和Lin Zhu共同编著。手册涵盖了数据库系统的基础知识，深入设计原理，以及实际操作技术。在内容上，该书分为21章，全面讲解了数据库领域的关键概念和技术： 1. 引言：介绍了数据库系统的基本概念，包括其在信息管理中的作用和重要性。 2. 数据库设计基础：阐述了数据库设计的基本原则和方法。 3. 关系模型：详细解释了关系模型的概念，包括关系数据模型和关系数据完整性。 4. 关系代数与谓词演算：介绍了查询数据库的两种主要表达方式。 5. SQL：讲解了SQL语言的使用，包括查询、约束和触发器。 6. 数据库应用程序开发：讨论了如何构建和管理数据库驱动的应用程序。 7. 互联网应用：探讨了数据库在互联网环境中的应用和挑战。 8. 存储和索引概述：简要概述了数据存储和索引的策略。 9. 存储数据：磁盘和文件：详细解析了数据在磁盘上的存储方式。 10-11. 树结构和哈希索引：分别介绍这两种常见的索引结构及其优缺点。 12. 查询评估概述：讨论了查询执行的基本过程和策略。 13. 外部排序：讲述了大规模数据排序的方法。 14. 关系操作的评估：详细分析了各种关系操作的计算过程。 15. 查询优化器：介绍了如何选择最优查询计划。 16. 事务管理概览：讲解了事务的特性、ACID属性和事务处理。 17. 并发控制：探讨了多用户环境下如何保证数据一致性。 18. 系统崩溃恢复：讨论了如何在系统故障后恢复数据的机制。 19. 架构完善和范式：介绍了数据库模式改进和规范化理论。 20. 物理数据库设计与调优：阐述了如何根据性能需求优化数据库物理结构。 21. 安全性：讨论了数据库系统的安全机制和访问控制策略。此解决方案手册不仅适合学习数据库管理系统的初学者，也对经验丰富的数据库管理员和开发者具有指导价值，提供了解答问题和解决实际问题的详细解答。通过学习这本书，读者可以深入理解数据库系统的核心原理，掌握数据库设计、查询优化、并发控制和恢复机制等关键技术。

Introduction to Database Design 11

courseId

Course

Teaches

ssn

gid

Group

member_of

Professor

semester

Figure 2.6 ER Diagram for Exercise 2.2, Part 6

Professors have an SSN, a name, an age, a rank, and a research specialty.

Projects have a project number, a sponsor name (e.g., NSF), a starting date, an

ending date, and a budget.

Graduate students have an SSN, a name, an age, and a degree program (e.g., M.S.

or Ph.D.).

Each project is managed by one professor (known as the project’s principal inves-

tigator).

Each project is worked on by one or more professors (known as the project’s

co-investigators).

Professors can manage and/or work on multiple projects.

Each project is worked on by one or more graduate students (known as the

project’s research assistants).

When graduate students work on a project, a professor must supervise their work

on the project. Graduate students can work on multiple projects, in which case

they will have a (potentially diﬀerent) supervisor for each one.

Departments have a department number, a department name, and a main oﬃce.

Departments have a professor (known as the chairman) who runs the department.

12 Chapter 2

Professors work in one or more departments, and for each department that they

work in, a time percentage is associated with their job.

Graduate students have one major department in which they are working on their

degree.

Each graduate student has another, more senior graduate student (known as a

student advisor) who advises him or her on what courses to take.

Design and draw an ER diagram that captures the information about the university.

Use only the basic ER model here; that is, entities, relationships, and attributes. Be

sure to indicate any key and participation constraints.

Answer 2.3 The ER diagram is shown in Figure 2.7.

Exercise 2.4 A company database needs to store information about employees (iden-

tiﬁed by ssn,withsalary and phone as attributes), departments (identiﬁed by dno,

with dname and budget as attributes), and children of employees (with name and age

as attributes). Employees work in departments; each department is managed by an

employee; a child must be identiﬁed uniquely by name when the parent (who is an

employee; assume that only one parent works for the company) is known. We are not

interested in information about a child once the parent leaves the company.

Draw an ER diagram that captures this information.

Answer 2.4 The ER diagram is shown in Figure 2.8.

Exercise 2.5 Notown Records has decided to store information about musicians who

perform on its albums (as well as other company data) in a database. The company

has wisely chosen to hire you as a database designer (at your usual consulting fee of

$2500/day).

Each musician that records at Notown has an SSN, a name, an address, and

a phone number. Poorly paid musicians often share the same address, and no

address has more than one phone.

Each instrument used in songs recorded at Notown has a unique identiﬁcation

number, a name (e.g., guitar, synthesizer, ﬂute) and a musical key (e.g., C, B-ﬂat,

E-ﬂat).

Each album recorded on the Notown label has a unique identiﬁcation number, a

title, a copyright date, a format (e.g., CD or MC), and an album identiﬁer.

Each song recorded at Notown has a title and an author.

Introduction to Database Design 15

Each musician may play several instruments, and a given instrument may be

played by several musicians.

Each album has a number of songs on it, but no song may appear on more than

one album.

Each song is performed by one or more musicians, and a musician may perform a

number of songs.

Each album has exactly one musician who acts as its producer. A musician may

produce several albums, of course.

Design a conceptual schema for Notown and draw an ER diagram for your schema.

The preceding information describes the situation that the Notown database must

model. Be sure to indicate all key and cardinality constraints and any assumptions

you make. Identify any constraints you are unable to capture in the ER diagram and

brieﬂy explain why you could not express them.

Answer 2.5 The ER diagram is shown in Figure 2.9.

Exercise 2.6 Computer Sciences Department frequent ﬂiers have been complaining to

Dane County Airport oﬃcials about the poor organization at the airport. As a result,

the oﬃcials decided that all information related to the airport should be organized

using a DBMS, and you have been hired to design the database. Your ﬁrst task is

to organize the information about all the airplanes stationed and maintained at the

airport. The relevant information is as follows:

Every airplane has a registration number, and each airplane is of a speciﬁc model.

The airport accommodates a number of airplane models, and each model is iden-

tiﬁed by a model number (e.g., DC-10) and has a capacity and a weight.

A number of technicians work at the airport. You need to store the name, SSN,

address, phone number, and salary of each technician.

Each technician is an expert on one or more plane model(s), and his or her exper-

tise may overlap with that of other technicians. This information about technicians

must also be recorded.

Traﬃc controllers must have an annual medical examination. For each traﬃc

controller, you must store the date of the most recent exam.

All airport employees (including technicians) belong to a union. You must store

the union membership number of each employee. You can assume that each

employee is uniquely identiﬁed by a social security number.

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