数据库系统基础：Elmasri & Navathe 精要

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"Elmasri Navathe - Fundamentals Of Database Systems" 本书"数据库基础"由Elmasri和Navathe合著，是数据库系统领域的经典教材。它深入浅出地介绍了数据库系统的基本概念和技术，旨在帮助读者理解和掌握数据库设计与管理的核心原理。在第一部分“基本概念”中，第1章“数据库和数据库用户”介绍了数据库的基本概念，通过实例展示数据库如何工作，并阐述了数据库方法的特点。作者讨论了数据库方法的优势，如数据共享、减少数据冗余和提高数据一致性，同时提到了使用数据库管理系统（DBMS）的时机及其对业务流程的影响。此外，还讨论了不适用DBMS的情况，以及数据库方法可能带来的挑战。第2章“数据库系统概念和架构”探讨了数据模型、模式和实例的概念，详细讲解了DBMS的架构以及数据独立性的重要性。本章还涵盖了数据库语言、用户接口、数据库系统环境的构成，以及数据库管理系统分类的概述。第3章“使用实体关系模型进行数据建模”是关于ER（实体关系）模型的，它是数据库设计中的关键工具。此章将介绍如何使用高级概念性的数据模型来表示现实世界中的实体和它们之间的关系，这对于理解数据库设计的基础至关重要。书中的每一章都包含总结、复习问题和练习，以强化学习效果，还有精选的参考文献供进一步研究。此外，脚注提供了额外的信息和背景资料，有助于深化对主题的理解。这本书适合计算机科学和信息技术专业的学生，以及对数据库管理和设计感兴趣的从业者。通过学习本书，读者将能够掌握数据库系统的基础，包括数据模型、数据库设计、查询语言和系统架构，为未来在实际工作中应用这些知识打下坚实的基础。

We would like to repeat our thanks to those who have reviewed and contributed to both previous

editions of Fundamentals of Database Systems. For the first edition these individuals include Alan Apt

(editor), Don Batory, Scott Downing, Dennis Heimbigner, Julia Hodges, Yannis Ioannidis, Jim Larson,

Dennis McLeod, Per-Ake Larson, Rahul Patel, Nicholas Roussopoulos, David Stemple, Michael

Stonebraker, Frank Tompa, and Kyu-Young Whang; for the second edition they include Dan

Joraanstad (editor), Rafi Ahmed, Antonio Albano, David Beech, Jose Blakeley, Panos Chrysanthis,

Suzanne Dietrich, Vic Ghorpadey, Goetz Graefe, Eric Hanson, Junguk L. Kim, Roger King, Vram

Kouramajian, Vijay Kumar, John Lowther, Sanjay Manchanda, Toshimi Minoura, Inderpal Mumick,

Ed Omiecinski, Girish Pathak, Raghu Ramakrishnan, Ed Robertson, Eugene Sheng, David Stotts,

Marianne Winslett, and Stan Zdonick.

Last but not least, we gratefully acknowledge the support, encouragement, and patience of our families.

R.E.

S.B.N.

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Contents of This Edition

(Fundamentals of Database Systems, Third Edition)

Part 1 describes the basic concepts necessary for a good understanding of database design and

implementation, as well as the conceptual modeling techniques used in database systems. Chapter 1

and Chapter 2 introduce databases, their typical users, and DBMS concepts, terminology, and

architecture. In Chapter 3, the concepts of the Entity-Relationship (ER) model and ER diagrams are

presented and used to illustrate conceptual database design. Chapter 4 focuses on data abstraction and

semantic data modeling concepts, and extends the ER model to incorporate these ideas, leading to the

enhanced-ER (EER) data model and EER diagrams. The concepts presented include subclasses,

specialization, generalization, and union types (categories). The notation for the class diagrams of

UML are also introduced. These are similar to EER diagrams and are used increasingly in conceptual

object modeling. Part 1 concludes with a description of the physical file structures and access methods

used in database systems. Chapter 5 describes the primary methods of organizing files of records on

disk, including static and dynamic hashing. Chapter 6 describes indexing techniques for files, including

B-tree and B+-tree data structures and grid files.

Part 2 describes the relational data model and relational DBMSs. Chapter 7 describes the basic

relational model, its integrity constraints and update operations, and the operations of the relational

algebra. Chapter 8 gives a detailed overview of the SQL language, covering the SQL2 standard, which

is implemented in most relational systems. Chapter 9 begins with two sections that describe relational

schema design, starting from a conceptual database design in an ER or EER model, and concludes with

three sections introducing the formal relational calculus languages and an overview of the QBE

language. Chapter 10 presents overviews of the Oracle and Microsoft Access database systems as

examples of popular commercial relational database management systems.

Part 3 gives a comprehensive introduction to object databases and object-relational systems. Chapter 11

introduces object-oriented concepts and how they apply to object databases. Chapter 12 gives a detailed

overview of the ODMG object model and its associated ODL and OQL languages, and gives examples

of two commercial object DBMSs. Chapter 13 describes how relational databases are being extended to

include object-oriented concepts and presents the features of two object-relational systems—Informix

Universal Server and ORACLE 8, as well as giving an overview of some of the features of the

proposed SQL3 standard, and the nested relational data model.

Part 4 covers several topics related to database design. Chapter 14 and Chapter 15 cover the

formalisms, theory, and algorithms developed for relational database design by normalization. This

material includes functional and other types of dependencies and normal forms for relations. Step by

step intuitive normalization is presented in Chapter 14, and relational design algorithms are given in

Chapter 15, which also defines other types of dependencies, such as multivalued and join

dependencies. Chapter 16 presents an overview of the different phases of the database design process

for medium-sized and large applications, and it also discusses physical database design issues and

includes a discussion on database tuning.

Part 5 discusses the techniques used in implementing database management systems. Chapter 17

introduces DBMS system architectures, including centralized and client-server architectures, then

describes the system catalog, which is a vital part of any DBMS. Chapter 18 presents the techniques

used for processing and optimizing queries specified in a high-level database language—such as

SQL—and discusses various algorithms for implementing relational database operations. A section on

query optimization in ORACLE has been added. Chapter 19, Chapter 20 and Chapter 21 discuss

transaction processing, concurrency control, and recovery techniques—this material has been revised to

include discussions of how these concepts are realized in SQL. Chapter 22 discusses database security

and authorization techniques.

Page 17 of 893

Guidelines for Using This Book

(Fundamentals of Database Systems, Third Edition)

There are many different ways to teach a database course. The chapters in Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 can

be used in an introductory course on database systems in the order they are given or in the preferred

order of each individual instructor. Selected chapters and sections may be left out, and the instructor

can add other chapters from the rest of the book, depending on the emphasis of the course. At the end

of each chapter’s opening section, we list sections that are candidates for being left out whenever a less

detailed discussion of the topic in a particular chapter is desired. We suggest covering up to Chapter 14

in an introductory database course and including selected parts of Chapter 11, Chapter 12 and Chapter

13, depending on the background of the students and the desired coverage of the object model. For an

emphasis on system implementation techniques, selected chapters from Part 5 can be included. For an

emphasis on database design, further chapters from Part 4 can be used.

Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, which cover conceptual modeling using the ER and EER models, are

important for a good conceptual understanding of databases. However, they may be partially covered,

covered later in a course, or even left out if the emphasis is on DBMS implementation. Chapter 5 and

Chapter 6 on file organizations and indexing may also be covered early on, later, or even left out if the

emphasis is on database models and languages. For students who have already taken a course on file

organization, parts of these chapters could be assigned as reading material or some exercises may be

assigned to review the concepts.

Chapter 10 and Chapter 13 include material specific to commercial relational database management

systems (RDBMSs)—ORACLE, Microsoft Access, and Informix. Because of the constant revision of

these products, no exercises have been assigned in these chapters. Depending on local availability of

RDBMSs, material from these chapters may be used in projects. A total life-cycle database design and

implementation project covers conceptual design (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4), data model mapping

(Chapter 9), normalization (Chapter 14), and implementation in SQL (Chapter 8). Additional

documentation on the specific RDBMS would be required.

The book has been written so that it is possible to cover topics in a variety of orders. The chart included

here shows the major dependencies between chapters. As the diagram illustrates, it is possible to start

with several different topics following the first two introductory chapters. Although the chart may seem

complex, it is important to note that if the chapters are covered in order, the dependencies are not lost.

The chart can be consulted by instructors wishing to use an alternative order of presentation.

For a single-semester course based on this book, some chapters can be assigned as reading material.

Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 16, Chapter 17, Chapter 26, and Chapter 27 can be considered for such

an assignment. The book can also be used for a two-semester sequence. The first course, "Introduction

to Database Design/Systems," at the sophomore, junior, or senior level, could cover most of Chapter 1

to Chapter 15. The second course, "Database Design and Implementation Techniques," at the senior or

first-year graduate level, can cover Part 4, Part 5 and Part 6. Chapters from Part 6 can be used

selectively in either semester, and material describing the DBMS available to the students at the local

institution can be covered in addition to the material in the book. Part 6 can also serve as introductory

material for advanced database courses, in conjunction with additional assigned readings.

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