Django 2.1 官方文档速览

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"Django 2.1 官方文档是Django Software Foundation发布的一份详尽的技术指南，涵盖了从基础到高级的各种主题，旨在帮助开发者理解和使用Django 2.1版本。这份文档包含了Django框架的主要组件和功能，如模型、视图、模板、表单、开发流程、管理后台、安全性、国际化与本地化、性能优化、地理框架以及常用Web应用工具等。此外，它还提供了快速安装指南和一系列逐步教程，帮助初学者从零开始构建Django应用。" Django是Python的一个流行Web开发框架，它强调了可重用性和遵循“DRY”(Don't Repeat Yourself)原则的设计。在Django 2.1文档中，以下是一些关键知识点： 1. **模型(Model)**：模型是Django应用中的数据层，用于定义数据库表结构。你可以定义类来描述数据字段，Django会自动生成数据库操作的接口。 2. **视图(View)**：视图是应用程序的逻辑层，负责处理请求并返回响应。它们可以是函数或类，处理HTTP请求并调用适当的模型和模板来生成响应。 3. **模板(Template)**：模板系统允许你设计HTML页面，并插入动态内容。Django使用模板语言（Django Templates）来实现这一点，它可以处理变量、控制结构和过滤器。 4. **表单 Forms**：Django的表单系统简化了处理用户输入数据的过程，包括验证和渲染HTML表单。 5. **开发过程(The Development Process)**：文档详细介绍了如何设置开发环境，包括创建项目和应用，以及使用Django内置的开发服务器进行调试。 6. **管理后台(Admin)**：Django的内置管理后台允许开发者快速创建一个管理界面，用于添加、编辑和删除数据库中的对象。 7. **安全性(Security)**：这部分讨论了Django的安全特性，如防止跨站脚本攻击(XSS)、跨站请求伪造(CSRF)保护，以及密码哈希和认证策略。 8. **国际化与本地化(Internationalization and Localization)**：Django支持多语言网站，包括翻译模板和模型字段。 9. **性能和优化(Performance and Optimization)**：这部分提供了提高Django应用性能的技巧，如缓存策略和数据库查询优化。 10. **地理框架(Geographic Framework)**：Django提供了对地理位置数据的支持，如地理数据库和地图渲染。 11. **常见Web应用工具(Common Web application tools)**：Django包含许多用于处理常见的Web开发任务的工具，如URL路由、中间件、静态文件处理和电子邮件服务。 12. **其他核心功能(Other Core Functionalities)**：这可能包括数据库迁移、中间件、信号处理器、测试框架等内容。 Django 2.1文档不仅适合初学者，也适合有经验的开发者，因为它提供了丰富的信息，帮助开发者充分利用Django的强大功能。通过阅读和实践，开发者能够掌握构建高效、安全且易于维护的Web应用的技能。

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Django Documentation, Release 2.1.3.dev20181004134043

Listing 3: mysite/news/admin.py

from django.contrib import admin

from . import models

admin.site.register(models.Article)

The philosophy here is that your site is edited by a staff, or a client, or maybe just you – and you don’t want to have to

deal with creating backend interfaces just to manage content.

One typical workﬂow in creating Django apps is to create models and get the admin sites up and running as fast as

possible, so your staff (or clients) can start populating data. Then, develop the way data is presented to the public.

2.1.5 Design your URLs

A clean, elegant URL scheme is an important detail in a high-quality Web application. Django encourages beautiful

URL design and doesn’t put any cruft in URLs, like .php or .asp.

To design URLs for an app, you create a Python module called a URLconf . A table of contents for your app, it contains

a simple mapping between URL patterns and Python callback functions. URLconfs also serve to decouple URLs from

Python code.

Here’s what a URLconf might look like for the Reporter/Article example above:

Listing 4: mysite/news/urls.py

from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [

path('articles/<int:year>/', views.year_archive),

path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/', views.month_archive),

path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:pk>/', views.article_detail),

]

The code above maps URL paths to Python callback functions (“views”). The path strings use parameter tags to

“capture” values from the URLs. When a user requests a page, Django runs through each path, in order, and stops at

the ﬁrst one that matches the requested URL. (If none of them matches, Django calls a special-case 404 view.) This is

blazingly fast, because the paths are compiled into regular expressions at load time.

Once one of the URL patterns matches, Django calls the given view, which is a Python function. Each view gets

passed a request object – which contains request metadata – and the values captured in the pattern.

For example, if a user requested the URL “/articles/2005/05/39323/”, Django would call the function news.views.

article_detail(request, year=2005, month=5, pk=39323).

2.1.6 Write your views

Each view is responsible for doing one of two things: Returning an HttpResponse object containing the content

for the requested page, or raising an exception such as Http404. The rest is up to you.

Generally, a view retrieves data according to the parameters, loads a template and renders the template with the

retrieved data. Here’s an example view for year_archive from above:

10 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 2.1.3.dev20181004134043

Listing 5: mysite/news/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Article

def year_archive(request, year):

a_list = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=year)

context = {'year': year, 'article_list': a_list}

return render(request, 'news/year_archive.html', context)

This example uses Django’s template system, which has several powerful features but strives to stay simple enough

for non-programmers to use.

2.1.7 Design your templates

The code above loads the news/year_archive.html template.

Django has a template search path, which allows you to minimize redundancy among templates. In your Django

settings, you specify a list of directories to check for templates with DIRS. If a template doesn’t exist in the ﬁrst

directory, it checks the second, and so on.

Let’s say the news/year_archive.html template was found. Here’s what that might look like:

Listing 6: mysite/news/templates/news/year_archive.html

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block title %}Articles for {{ year }}{% endblock %}

{% block content %}

<h1>Articles for {{ year }}</h1>

{% for article in article_list %}

<p>{{ article.headline }}</p>

<p>By {{ article.reporter.full_name }}</p>

<p>Published {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</p>

{% endfor %}

{% endblock %}

Variables are surrounded by double-curly braces. {{ article.headline }} means “Output the value of the

article’s headline attribute.” But dots aren’t used only for attribute lookup. They also can do dictionary-key lookup,

index lookup and function calls.

Note {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }} uses a Unix-style “pipe” (the “|” character). This is called

a template ﬁlter, and it’s a way to ﬁlter the value of a variable. In this case, the date ﬁlter formats a Python datetime

object in the given format (as found in PHP’s date function).

You can chain together as many ﬁlters as you’d like. You can write custom template ﬁlters. You can write custom

template tags, which run custom Python code behind the scenes.

Finally, Django uses the concept of “template inheritance”. That’s what the {% extends "base.html" %}

does. It means “First load the template called ‘base’, which has deﬁned a bunch of blocks, and ﬁll the blocks with

the following blocks.” In short, that lets you dramatically cut down on redundancy in templates: each template has to

deﬁne only what’s unique to that template.

Here’s what the “base.html” template, including the use of static ﬁles, might look like:

2.1. Django at a glance 11

Django Documentation, Release 2.1.3.dev20181004134043

Listing 7: mysite/templates/base.html

{% load static %}

<html>

<head>

<title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>

</head>

<body>

{% block content %}{% endblock %}

</body>

</html>

Simplistically, it deﬁnes the look-and-feel of the site (with the site’s logo), and provides “holes” for child templates to

ﬁll. This makes a site redesign as easy as changing a single ﬁle – the base template.

It also lets you create multiple versions of a site, with different base templates, while reusing child templates. Django’s

creators have used this technique to create strikingly different mobile versions of sites – simply by creating a new base

template.

Note that you don’t have to use Django’s template system if you prefer another system. While Django’s template

system is particularly well-integrated with Django’s model layer, nothing forces you to use it. For that matter, you

don’t have to use Django’s database API, either. You can use another database abstraction layer, you can read XML

ﬁles, you can read ﬁles off disk, or anything you want. Each piece of Django – models, views, templates – is decoupled

from the next.

2.1.8 This is just the surface

This has been only a quick overview of Django’s functionality. Some more useful features:

• A caching framework that integrates with memcached or other backends.

• A syndication framework that makes creating RSS and Atom feeds as easy as writing a small Python class.

• More sexy automatically-generated admin features – this overview barely scratched the surface.

The next obvious steps are for you to download Django, read the tutorial and join the community. Thanks for your

interest!

2.2 Quick install guide

Before you can use Django, you’ll need to get it installed. We have a complete installation guide that covers all

the possibilities; this guide will guide you to a simple, minimal installation that’ll work while you walk through the

introduction.

2.2.1 Install Python

Being a Python Web framework, Django requires Python. See What Python version can I use with Django? for details.

Python includes a lightweight database called SQLite so you won’t need to set up a database just yet.

Get the latest version of Python at https://www.python.org/downloads/ or with your operating system’s package man-

ager.

You can verify that Python is installed by typing python from your shell; you should see something like:

12 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 2.1.3.dev20181004134043

• A public site that lets people view polls and vote in them.

• An admin site that lets you add, change, and delete polls.

We’ll assume you have Django installed already. You can tell Django is installed and which version by running the

following command in a shell prompt (indicated by the $ preﬁx):

$ python -m django --version

If Django is installed, you should see the version of your installation. If it isn’t, you’ll get an error telling “No module

named django”.

This tutorial is written for Django 2.1, which supports Python 3.5 and later. If the Django version doesn’t match, you

can refer to the tutorial for your version of Django by using the version switcher at the bottom right corner of this

page, or update Django to the newest version. If you’re using an older version of Python, check What Python version

can I use with Django? to ﬁnd a compatible version of Django.

See How to install Django for advice on how to remove older versions of Django and install a newer one.

Where to get help:

If you’re having trouble going through this tutorial, please post a message to django-users or drop by #django on

irc.freenode.net to chat with other Django users who might be able to help.

2.3.1 Creating a project

If this is your ﬁrst time using Django, you’ll have to take care of some initial setup. Namely, you’ll need to auto-

generate some code that establishes a Django project – a collection of settings for an instance of Django, including

database conﬁguration, Django-speciﬁc options and application-speciﬁc settings.

From the command line, cd into a directory where you’d like to store your code, then run the following command:

$ django-admin startproject mysite

This will create a mysite directory in your current directory. If it didn’t work, see Problems running django-admin.

Note: You’ll need to avoid naming projects after built-in Python or Django components. In particular, this means

you should avoid using names like django (which will conﬂict with Django itself) or test (which conﬂicts with a

built-in Python package).

Where should this code live?

If your background is in plain old PHP (with no use of modern frameworks), you’re probably used to putting code

under the Web server’s document root (in a place such as /var/www). With Django, you don’t do that. It’s not a

good idea to put any of this Python code within your Web server’s document root, because it risks the possibility that

people may be able to view your code over the Web. That’s not good for security.

Put your code in some directory outside of the document root, such as /home/mycode.

Let’s look at what startproject created:

14 Chapter 2. Getting started

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