金属纳米线光栅实现的等离子体全息技术

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本文主要探讨了基于金属纳米线光栅的等离子全息图技术，该技术具有极强的抗伪功能，同时适用于动态3D显示，并与液晶技术兼容。在光学领域，全息图是一种记录光场振幅和相位的技术，广泛应用于干涉测量和防伪等场景。传统的全息技术依赖于复杂的光学设置和高精度的曝光过程。近年来，基于表面等离子体（Surface Plasmons, SPs）的新型全息技术逐渐崭露头角，尤其是利用金属纳米线光栅构建的等离子全息图，因其独特的特性，如对偏振敏感、宽角度入射和工作带宽等优点，正在引发新的研究热潮。金属纳米线光栅结构由周期性的金属-绝缘体-金属（Metal-Insulator-Metal, MIM）波导组成，这种结构能有效地引导并增强光的传播。在本研究中，作者指出，当入射光为横磁（Transverse Magnetic, TM）模式时，其衍射效率比横电（Transverse Electric, TE）模式更为显著，这是由于在这些纳米线光栅中产生了纵向的等离子体波导效应。这种效应使得光在光栅内以非辐射方式传播，从而增强了光的强度和全息图像的清晰度。此外，文章还强调了这种等离子全息图的一个关键优势：宽角度入射和宽工作带宽。这意味着全息图的性能不会因入射角的变化而显著降低，这在实际应用中是非常重要的，因为光源的角度往往难以精确控制。而且，这种技术的工作频率范围广，可以适应多种光谱条件。鉴于这些特性，金属纳米线光栅为基础的等离子全息图在防伪技术上有巨大的潜力，可以创建难以复制的复杂图案，增加伪造的难度。同时，由于与液晶技术的兼容性，它也为实现动态3D显示提供了可能，例如在未来的虚拟现实和增强现实应用中，可以实时调整全息图像，实现更真实的视觉效果。这项研究为高效率、偏振依赖的全息图制造提供了一种新的方法，对光学通信、数据存储以及先进的显示技术等领域都具有深远的影响。通过深入理解并利用金属纳米线光栅中的等离子体波导效应，科学家们有望开发出更多创新的光学器件和应用。

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 27, NO. 8, APRIL 15, 2015 813

Plasmonic Hologram Based on

Metallic Nanowire Gratings

Xin Sheng, Jie Cui, Jun Zheng, and Zhi-Cheng Ye

Abstract—In this letter, we present a colorful plasmonic

hologram which is polarization sensitive—the diffraction

efﬁciency of transverse magnetic light is more enhanced than

that of the transverse electric light. The character is caused by

longitudinal plasmonic waveguiding effects in the periodic metal-

insulator-metal waveguides. These patterns in the hologram even

lead to the merits of wide incident angle and working bands. This

letter affords a new approach to fabricate highly efﬁcient and

polarization-dependent hologram, which is potentially applicable

to stronger anticounterfeiting and compatible with liquid crystal

for dynamic 3-D displays.

Index Terms—Holography, optical polarization, surface

plasmon, waveguide modes.

I. INTRODUCTION

OLOGRAPHY, recording both amplitude and phase of

light ﬁelds, has been applied to many ﬁelds such as

holographic interferometry and anti-counterfeiting [1], [2].

In particular, holographic imaging enjoys great popularity in

three-dimensional (3D) displays [3]. Unlike stereoscopy which

always leads to visual discomfort and fatigue [4], holography

is capable of providing real 3D images without glasses.

In spite of those advantages, low diffraction efﬁciency

and limited viewing angle are still hindering the practical

application of holography, especially in relief hologram which

dominates the commercial market of anti-counterfeiting and

decoration.

Manuscript received November 18, 2014; revised December 25, 2014;

accepted January 6, 2015. Date of publication January 12, 2015; date of

current version March 19, 2015. This work was supported in part by the Ph.D.

Programs Foundation through the Ministry of Education, China, under Grant

20100073120034, in part by the Major State Basic Research Development

Program (973 Program) of China under Grant 2013CB328804, in part by

the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 11374212,

Grant 61370047, Grant 61007025, and Grant 51235007, and in part by the Key

Laboratory of High Energy Laser Science and Technology, China Academy

of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China, under Grant 2012HCF03.

X. Sheng and J. Cui are with the National Engineering Laboratory

for TFT-LCD Materials and Technology, Department of Electronic Engi-

neering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China (e-mail:

rai@sjtu.edu.cn; cuijie@sjtu.edu.cn).

J. Zheng is with Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Educa-

tion), Department of Physics and Astronomy, IFSA Collaborative Innovation

Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China (e-mail:

jzheng@sjtu.edu.cn).

Z.-C. Ye is with National Engineering Laboratory for TFT-LCD Materials

and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong

University, Shanghai 200240, China, and also with the State Key Laboratory

on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy

of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China (e-mail: yzhch@sjtu.edu.cn).

This paper has supplementary downloadable material at

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org, provided by the authors. The ﬁle consists of

Media 1. The material is 1.03 MB in size.

Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this letter are available

online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/LPT.2015.2390776

Fig. 1. Fabrication of Plasmonic Hologram: (a) Optical setup for recording

a dielectric hologram. The object to be recorded is set close to the recording

plate to alleviate phase difference blur. RP: recording plate; SF: Spatial Filter;

FL: Focus Lens. (b) Aluminum ﬁlm of thickness ∼40 nm is deposited onto

the hologram.

Recently, the combination of holography and surface

plasmon [5]–[7] opens a new way to increase the

diffraction efﬁciency of hologram and realize colored display.

However, the resonance character makes the devices sensitive

to incident angle and wavelength, which makes it hard to

record and reconstruct the hologram [8]. To solve these

problems, we fabricate surface relief hologram at a sub-

wavelength scale by laser interference lithography. Then we

coat the hologram with aluminum to form a periodic metal-

insulator-metal (MIM) structure. Multi-color holographic

images under white light illumination are obtained in broad

viewing angles and wavelengths. Moreover, the new metal

hologram, plasmonic hologram (PHG), exhibits enhancement

of diffraction efﬁciency and polarization sensitivity without the

need of dichroic or birefringent recording materials [9], [10].

We reveal that the longitudinal surface plasmon modes in the

metal-insulator-metal waveguides (MIMWs) lead to the unique

performances.

II. E

XPERIMENTAL WORK

A. Recording

Figure 1(a) illustrates the setup of hologram recording.

A blue laser beam with wavelength of 457.8 nm (CVI-MG)

is expanded and split into two collimated parts: one directly

reaches the recording plate as the reference light with incident

angle of ∼40°; the other is reﬂected onto the photoresist by

the object (a key) which is next to the recording plate. The

two laser beams interfere with each other and the interference

fringes are recorded on the photoresist. The average power

intensity of light source is ∼3.8 mW/cm

and exposure time is

∼3 minutes. The exposed photoresist is developed with NaOH

(0.7%) for 15-20 seconds. Then, the recording plate is rinsed

with deioned water and heated by hot wind for 30 seconds.

Finally, the photoresist dielectric hologram is obtained.

Subsequently, in Fig. 1(b), a ∼40-nm-thick aluminum

ﬁlm is deposited onto the hologram using E-beam coater

(ZSX-500D), thus a PHG is obtained. Please note that

See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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