Intel 80386程序员参考手册：经典必备

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"i386手册是一本针对程序员的重要参考资料，详细介绍了Intel 80386处理器的架构、指令集和其他相关技术。这本手册由Intel Corporation在1986年出版，虽然年代较早，但对于理解x86体系结构的基础知识仍然具有很高的价值。" 《i386程序员参考手册》是深入理解Intel 80386处理器的基石，对于任何在Linux环境下进行底层编程或系统级开发的程序员来说都是必不可少的工具。80386是Intel推出的一款32位微处理器，它极大地扩展了之前的8086和80286处理器的能力，引入了保护模式，支持多任务和虚拟内存管理。手册的主要内容可能包括以下几个方面： 1. **处理器架构**：详细解析80386的内部结构，如CPU寄存器、内存管理单元（MMU）、中断处理机制等。这些内容对于编写高效汇编代码和理解操作系统内核至关重要。 2. **指令集**：详述80386的完整指令集，包括数据处理指令、控制转移指令、字符串操作指令、浮点运算指令等。掌握这些指令是编写底层程序的基础。 3. **内存管理**：介绍80386如何实现分页和分段的内存管理系统，以及如何通过保护环来确保系统的安全性。 4. **输入/输出**：阐述如何与硬件设备交互，包括直接内存访问（DMA）和中断处理，这对于驱动程序开发者尤其重要。 5. **异常和中断**：描述不同类型的异常和中断，以及如何处理它们，这是理解操作系统异常处理机制的关键。 6. **汇编语言编程**：提供汇编语言编程的指导，包括如何编写高效的汇编代码，以及与高级语言（如C）的混合编程。 7. **实模式和保护模式**：解释80386的两种主要运行模式，实模式是早期的80x86模式，而保护模式则提供了更复杂的安全和资源管理功能。 8. **系统启动和BIOS接口**：讨论如何在80386上初始化系统，以及如何与基本输入输出系统（BIOS）交互。由于这本书是在1986年出版的，一些具体的技术细节可能已经过时，例如处理器的速度、内存容量和现代硬件特性。然而，它仍然是学习x86体系结构和底层编程的宝贵资源，许多原理和技术至今仍被沿用。对于想要深入研究Linux系统内核、设备驱动编程或者复古计算机系统的人来说，这本手册是不可或缺的参考资料。

INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 16 of 421

1. Protected Mode.

2. Real-Address Mode.

3. Virtual 8086 Mode.

Protected mode is the natural 32-bit environment of the 80386 processor. In

this mode all instructions and features are available.

Real-address mode (often called just "real mode") is the mode of the

processor immediately after RESET. In real mode the 80386 appears to

programmers as a fast 8086 with some new instructions. Most applications of

the 80386 will use real mode for initialization only.

Virtual 8086 mode (also called V86 mode) is a dynamic mode in the sense

that the processor can switch repeatedly and rapidly between V86 mode and

protected mode. The CPU enters V86 mode from protected mode to execute an

8086 program, then leaves V86 mode and enters protected mode to continue

executing a native 80386 program.

The features that are available to applications programs in protected mode

and to all programs in V86 mode are the same. These features form the

content of Part I. The additional features that are available to systems

software in protected mode form Part II. Part III explains real-address

mode and V86 mode, as well as how to execute a mix of 32-bit and 16-bit

programs.

Available in All Modes Part I ── Applications Programming

Available in Protected Part II ── Systems Programming

Mode Only

Compatibility Modes Part III ── Compatibility

1.1.1 Part I ── Applications Programming

This part presents those aspects of the architecture that are customarily

used by applications programmers.

Chapter 2 ── Basic Programming Model: Introduces the models of memory

organization. Defines the data types. Presents the register set used by

applications. Introduces the stack. Explains string operations. Defines the

parts of an instruction. Explains addressing calculations. Introduces

interrupts and exceptions as they may apply to applications programming.

Chapter 3 ── Application Instruction Set: Surveys the instructions commonly

used for applications programming. Considers instructions in functionally

related groups; for example, string instructions are considered in one

section, while control-transfer instructions are considered in another.

Explains the concepts behind the instructions. Details of individual

instructions are deferred until Part IV, the instruction-set reference.

INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 17 of 421

1.1.2 Part II ── Systems Programming

This part presents those aspects of the architecture that are customarily

used by programmers who write operating systems, device drivers, debuggers,

and other software that supports applications programs in the protected mode

of the 80386.

Chapter 4 ── Systems Architecture: Surveys the features of the 80386 that

are used by systems programmers. Introduces the remaining registers and data

structures of the 80386 that were not discussed in Part I. Introduces the

systems-oriented instructions in the context of the registers and data

structures they support. Points to the chapter where each register, data

structure, and instruction is considered in more detail.

Chapter 5 ── Memory Management: Presents details of the data structures,

registers, and instructions that support virtual memory and the concepts of

segmentation and paging. Explains how systems designers can choose a model

of memory organization ranging from completely linear ("flat") to fully

paged and segmented.

Chapter 6 ── Protection: Expands on the memory management features of the

80386 to include protection as it applies to both segments and pages.

Explains the implementation of privilege rules, stack switching, pointer

validation, user and supervisor modes. Protection aspects of multitasking

are deferred until the following chapter.

Chapter 7 ── Multitasking: Explains how the hardware of the 80386 supports

multitasking with context-switching operations and intertask protection.

Chapter 8 ── Input/Output: Reveals the I/O features of the 80386, including

I/O instructions, protection as it relates to I/O, and the I/O permission

map.

Chapter 9 ── Exceptions and Interrupts: Explains the basic interrupt

mechanisms of the 80386. Shows how interrupts and exceptions relate to

protection. Discusses all possible exceptions, listing causes and including

information needed to handle and recover from the exception.

Chapter 10 ── Initialization: Defines the condition of the processor after

RESET or power-up. Explains how to set up registers, flags, and data

structures for either real-address mode or protected mode. Contains an

example of an initialization program.

Chapter 11 ── Coprocessing and Multiprocessing: Explains the instructions

and flags that support a numerics coprocessor and multiple CPUs with shared

memory.

Chapter 12 ── Debugging: Tells how to use the debugging registers of the

80386.

INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 18 of 421

1.1.3 Part III ── Compatibility

Other parts of the book treat the processor primarily as a 32-bit machine,

omitting for simplicity its facilities for 16-bit operations. Indeed, the

80386 is a 32-bit machine, but its design fully supports 16-bit operands and

addressing, too. This part completes the picture of the 80386 by explaining

the features of the architecture that support 16-bit programs and 16-bit

operations in 32-bit programs. All three processor modes are used to

execute 16-bit programs: protected mode can directly execute 16-bit 80286

protected mode programs, real mode executes 8086 programs and real-mode

80286 programs, and virtual 8086 mode executes 8086 programs in a

multitasking environment with other 80386 protected-mode programs. In

addition, 32-bit and 16-bit modules and individual 32-bit and 16-bit

operations can be mixed in protected mode.

Chapter 13 ── Executing 80286 Protected-Mode Code: In its protected mode,

the 80386 can execute complete 80286 protected-mode systems, because 80286

capabilities are a subset of 80386 capabilities.

Chapter 14 ── 80386 Real-Address Mode: Explains the real mode of the 80386

CPU. In this mode the 80386 appears as a fast real-mode 80286 or fast 8086

enhanced with additional instructions.

Chapter 15 ── Virtual 8086 Mode: The 80386 can switch rapidly between its

protected mode and V86 mode, giving it the ability to multiprogram 8086

programs along with "native mode" 32-bit programs.

Chapter 16 ── Mixing 16-Bit and 32-Bit Code: Even within a program or task,

the 80386 can mix 16-bit and 32-bit modules. Furthermore, any given module

can utilize both 16-bit and 32-bit operands and addresses.

1.1.4 Part IV ── Instruction Set

Parts I, II, and III present overviews of the instructions as they relate

to specific aspects of the architecture, but this part presents the

instructions in alphabetical order, providing the detail needed by

assembly-language programmers and programmers of debuggers, compilers,

operating systems, etc. Instruction descriptions include algorithmic

description of operation, effect of flag settings, effect on flag settings,

effect of operand- or address-size attributes, effect of processor modes,

and possible exceptions.

1.1.5 Appendices

The appendices present tables of encodings and other details in a format

designed for quick reference by assembly-language and systems programmers.

INTEL 80386 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE MANUAL 1986

Page 20 of 421

● When loading a register, always load the undefined bits as zeros or

reload them with values previously stored from the same register.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

NOTE

Depending upon the values of undefined register bits will make software

dependent upon the unspecified manner in which the 80386 handles these

bits. Depending upon undefined values risks making software incompatible

with future processors that define usages for these bits. AVOID ANY

SOFTWARE DEPENDENCE UPON THE STATE OF UNDEFINED 80386 REGISTER BITS.

Figure 1-1. Example Data Structure

GREATEST DATA STRUCTURE

ADDRESS

31 23 15 7 0 ◄──BIT

╔═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╗ OFFSET

║ ║28

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║24

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║20

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║16

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║12

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ ║8

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣

║ UNDEFINED ║4

╠═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╣ SMALLEST

║ BYTE 3 BYTE 2 BYTE 1 BYTE 0 ║0 ADDRESS

╚═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╪═══════════════╝▲

BYTE OFFSET───┘

1.3.3 Instruction Operands

When instructions are represented symbolically, a subset of the 80386

Assembly Language is used. In this subset, an instruction has the following

format:

label: prefix mnemonic argument1, argument2, argument3

where:

● A label is an identifier that is followed by a colon.

● A prefix is an optional reserved name for one of the instruction

prefixes.

● A mnemonic is a reserved name for a class of instruction opcodes that

have the same function.

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