NASA的LUVOIR望远镜计划：探索宇宙生命与系外行星

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"LUVOIR_FinalReport.pdf 是NASA新伟大望远镜计划的立项报告，旨在通过LUVOIR（大型紫外/光学/红外调查仪）探索宇宙，特别是研究系外行星，寻找类似地球的世界并搜寻生命迹象。该报告详细介绍了两个可扩展的空间观测站设计，针对不同的未来科学需求。" 在报告中，LUVOIR项目提出了两个规模可变的观测平台——LUVOIR-A (15米) 和 LUVOIR-B (8米)，它们都是为了在2030年以后解答宇宙的重大问题。这两个望远镜设计都具有强大的观测能力，可以对太阳系进行高清监测，并深入揭示宇宙结构的形成和星系的演化。 1. **ECLIPS (Coronagraph with Imaging and Imaging Spectroscopy)**：这一组件专为日冕仪设计，能够实现200至2000纳米的波段范围，提供10^-10的对比度，内工作角(IWA)为3.5λ/D，外工作角(OWA)为64λ/D。ECLIPS的目标是高精度地探测和分析系外行星，尤其是寻找可能存在的类地行星。 2. **HDI (High Definition Imager)**：宽视场成像器同时覆盖紫外、可见光和近红外，波段范围从200到2500纳米，视场达到3.×2'，配备了67个科学滤镜和光栅，实现了Nyquist采样，支持高精度的天体测量。 3. **LUMOS (UV/Vis Multi-Object Spectrograph and FUV Imager)**：紫外/可见光多目标光谱仪，具有100至1000纳米的波段，多目标光谱视场(MOSFoV)为2.×2'，包括840×420个孔径，覆盖了500到50,000的光谱分辨率。LUMOS将允许同时对多个目标进行高分辨率光谱分析，揭示行星的大气成分。 4. **POLLUX (Point-source UV Spectropolarimeter)**：仅适用于LUVOIR-A的点源紫外光谱偏振计，波段范围100至400纳米，专注于研究恒星和行星系统的紫外辐射特性，对于理解恒星活动和行星大气的影响至关重要。这些仪器的组合将使LUVOIR成为寻找宜居世界和潜在生物标记的前沿工具。通过高分辨率成像、光谱学和偏振测量，LUVOIR将能够深入研究恒星周围的尘埃盘，识别行星形成的过程，以及评估行星大气中可能存在的生物相关的化学成分，例如水蒸气、氧气和甲烷。 LUVOIR项目代表了天文学和宇宙探索的前沿，它的设计和实施将极大地推动我们对宇宙的理解，特别是在寻找外星生命方面。这份报告不仅是对天文学技术的详尽展示，也是对未来空间探索的宏伟规划，具有极高的研究和收藏价值。

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The Large UV Optical Infrared Surveyor LUVOIR

The LUVOIR Final Report v

Chapter 11. Technology development ........................................................................... 11-1

Figure 11-1. Couplings between the three LUVOIR technology systems ............................... 11-1

Figure 11-2. Technology development costs by technology system ....................................... 11-6

Figure 11-3. Summary schedule of technology development activities ................................. 11-7

Figure 11-4. High-contrast Coronagraph Instrument technology system flow ........................ 11-8

Figure 11-5. Ultra-stable Segmented Telescope technology system flow ............................. 11-17

Figure 11-6. Ultraviolet Instrumentation technology system flow ........................................ 11-24

Chapter 12. Management and systems engineering ......................................................12-1

Figure 12-1. LUVOIR-A schedule phasing ............................................................................ 12-3

Figure 12-3. The LUVOIR mission architecture ..................................................................... 12-8

Figure 12-2. Institutional requirements influence on product development .......................... 12-8

Figure 12-4. Examples of funding blocks based on LUVOIR-A implementation schedule ... 12-13

Figure 12-5. Organization of the LUVOIR Pre-Phase A project office ................................. 12-15

Figure 12-6. Convergence of science, architecture, concept, and technology ..................... 12-16

Figure 12-7. LUVOIR’s top five risks ................................................................................... 12-20

Figure 12-8. LUVOIR mass margin philosophy ................................................................... 12-24

Figure 12-9. The flow of integration and test relative to the architecture ............................. 12-27

Figure 12-10. Integration and test at the sub-assembly level ............................................... 12-28

Figure 12-11. Integration and test at the sub-system level ................................................... 12-29

Figure 12-12. Integration and test at the element level........................................................ 12-29

Figure 12-13. Integration and test at the segment level ....................................................... 12-30

Figure 12-14. Parallel assembly of primary mirror segment assemblies ............................... 12-32

Figure 12-15. The five modules that make the OTA primary mirror ..................................... 12-32

Figure 12-16. Four primary mirror modules to be integrated in parallel .............................. 12-33

Figure 12-17. OTA primary mirror module interfaces must be repeatable ........................... 12-33

Figure 12-18. Comparison of LUVOIR-A and -B primary mirrors with Hubble and JWST ... 12-34

Figure 12-19. Comparison of LUVOIR-A to Hubble and JWST ........................................... 12-34

Figure 12-20. LUVOIR-A and -B in the GRC Space System Vacuum Chamber .................... 12-36

Figure 12-21. LUVOIR-A and -B in the JSC Chamber A ..................................................... 12-36

Figure 12-22. LUVOIR-A and -B in NASA and ESA’s largest acoustic test chambers ............ 12-37

Figure 12-23. The “building block” approach to model validation used on JWST ............... 12-39

Figure 12-24. LUVOIR-A development schedule summary ................................................. 12-41

Figure 12-25. LUVOIR-B development schedule summary ................................................. 12-42

Figure 12-26. The NASA mission lifecycle .......................................................................... 12-46

Figure 12-27. Funded schedule reserve applied to the LUVOIR schedule ........................... 12-47

Chapter 13. POLLUX: European study of a UV spectropolarimeter ..............................13-1

Figure 13-1. Polarized light in planetary atmospheres .......................................................... 13-2

Figure 13-2. Measuring the proton-to-electron mass ratio in the distant universe .................. 13-6

Figure 13-3. Synthetic polarization map of the ISM near an O/B star .................................... 13-7

Figure 13-4. Regions around a star and the POLLUX, LUMOS, and HST phase space .......... 13-9

Figure 13-5. Detectability of polarization in the GALEX/SDSS QSO catalog with LUVOIR . 13-12

Figure 13-6. Volcanic activity on Io and SNR of the retrieved Stokes parameter .................. 13-14

Figure 13-7. POLLUX baseline architecture schematic diagram .......................................... 13-18

Figure 13-8. Sketch of the POLLUX payload mounting showing pick-off mirrors ................ 13-18

Figure 13-9. 3D rendering of POLLUX optical architecture ................................................ 13-19

LUVOIR The Large UV Optical Infrared Surveyor

vi The LUVOIR Final Report

Figure 13-10. Example optical scheme and zoom in on the NUV polarimeter unit ............. 13-21

Figure 13-11. Optical scheme for the polarimeter units of the FUV channel ....................... 13-21

Figure 13-12. Rendering of POLLUX within the allocated volume ...................................... 13-22

Figure 13-13. Polarimeters and associated mechanism for NUV/MUV channels................. 13-23

Figure 13-14. Cooling wick route ....................................................................................... 13-23

Figure 13-15. Packaged EMCCD with custom AR coating for FIREBALL-2 .......................... 13-24

Figure 13-16. Front-end-electronics block diagram for POLLUX ......................................... 13-25

Figure 13-17. POLLUX electrical block diagram................................................................. 13-25

Figure 13-18. Schematic rendering of the calibration unit of POLLUX ................................ 13-26

Figure 13-19. Block diagram for the instrument controller unit ........................................... 13-28

Figure 13-20. POLLUX on-board software diagram ............................................................ 13-29

Figure 13-21. Polarization efficiencies for the NUV, MUV, and FUV polarimeters .............. 13-29

Figure 13-22. Throughput and effective area of the POLLUX channels ............................... 13-31

Figure 13-23. Design of a dichroic for a MUV/NUV spectral range .................................... 13-36

TABLES

Chapter 1. LUVOIR final report summary

Table 1-1. LUVOIR’s Signature Science Cases ........................................................................ 1-5

Table 1-2. Properties of stars and planets observed in initial LUVOIR exoEarth surveys ........ 1-12

Table 1-3. Rotation period of an Earth-analog exoplanet as a function of distance ................ 1-18

Table 1-4. Summary of LUVOIR’s characterization of habitable planet candidates................ 1-20

Table 1-5. Characteristics of the LUVOIR observatories ........................................................ 1-47

Table 1-6. NASA mission life-cycle phases ........................................................................... 1-48

Table 1-7. Characteristics of HDI .......................................................................................... 1-55

Table 1-8. Characteristics of ECLIPS ..................................................................................... 1-56

Table 1-9. Characteristics of LUMOS .................................................................................... 1-58

Table 1-10. Life-cycle cost estimates for LUVOIR-A and -B .................................................. 1-62

Chapter 2. Roadmap to the report

Table 2-1. LUVOIR’s Signature Science Cases ........................................................................ 2-1

Table 2-2. Concept maturity level (CML) 4* product guide ..................................................... 2-2

Chapter 3. Is there life elsewhere? Habitable exoplanets and solar system ocean worlds

Table 3-1. Desired spectral features for biosignature assessment ........................................... 3-15

Table 3-2. Desired spectral features for habitability assessment ............................................ 3-20

Table 3-3. Median numbers of habitable exoplanet candidate spectra ................................. 3-33

Table 3-4. Chapter 3 Programs at a Glance .......................................................................... 3-39

Chapter 4. How do we fit in? Comparative planetary science

Table 4-1. Chapter 4 Programs at a Glance .......................................................................... 4-31

Chapter 5. What are the building blocks of cosmic structure?

Table 5-1. Chapter 5 Programs at a Glance .......................................................................... 5-17

The Large UV Optical Infrared Surveyor LUVOIR

The LUVOIR Final Report vii

Chapter 6. How do galaxies evolve?

Table 6-1. Chapter 6 Programs at a Glance .......................................................................... 6-33

Chapter 7. Science mission traceability

Chapter 8. Observatory segment

Table 8-1. The five tiers of serviceability considered by the LUVOIR Study Team .................... 8-3

Table 8-2. Estimated mass summary for LUVOIR-A and -B ..................................................... 8-6

Table 8-3. Estimated power summary for LUVOIR-A and -B ................................................... 8-7

Table 8-4. LUVOIR OTA design requirements and predicted performance ........................... 8-13

Table 8-5. HDI optical and detector specifications ............................................................... 8-26

Table 8-6. HDI data volume summary ................................................................................. 8-32

Table 8-7. ECLIPS instrument optical design parameters ....................................................... 8-36

Table 8-8. ECLIPS data volume summary .............................................................................. 8-40

Table 8-9. LUMOS optical performance specifications ......................................................... 8-42

Table 8-10. LUMOS data volume summary .......................................................................... 8-49

Table 8-11. Harness summary between the payload and spacecraft elements ....................... 8-53

Table 8-12. Solar array sizing for LUVOIR-A and -B ............................................................. 8-57

Chapter 9. Mission operations and ground segment

Table 9-1. Cruise-phase maneuver list and Δv budget for LUVOIR-A and -B........................... 9-2

Table 9-2. Total 48-hour data storage of each LUVOIR instrument .......................................... 9-7

Table 9-3. Downlink budget for LUVOIR-A and -B ................................................................. 9-8

Table 9-4. Uplink budget for LUVOIR-A and -B ..................................................................... 9-9

Chapter 10. Launch vehicle ..........................................................................................10-1

Table 10-1. Launch vehicle compatibility with each LUVOIR concept ............................... 10-10

Chapter 11. Technology development ........................................................................... 11-1

Table 11-1. High-contrast coronagraph Instrument technology system components ............. 11-2

Table 11-2. Ultra-stable segmented telescope technology system components ..................... 11-3

Table 11-3. Ultraviolet Instrumentation technology system components ............................... 11-4

Table 11-4. High-contrast Coronagraph Instrument technology development activities ........ 11-8

Table 11-5. Ultra-stable Segmented Telescope technology development activities .............. 11-17

Table 11-6. Ultraviolet Instrumentation technology development activities ........................ 11-24

Chapter 12. Management and systems engineering ......................................................12-1

Table 12-1. Funding blocks and funding decision point criteria .......................................... 12-14

Table 12-2. Pre-Phase A project costs by year ..................................................................... 12-19

Table 12-3. Summary of mass estimates and mass margins for LUVOIR-A and -B ............... 12-25

Table 12-4. Conceptual LUVOIR integration and test matrix .............................................. 12-31

Table 12-5. Guidelines for hardware development schedule review dates and phasing ...... 12-44

Table 12-6. Funded schedule reserve durations and locations within the schedule ............. 12-48

CHAPTER 1. LUVOIR FINAL REPORT SUMMARY

Humanity is driven by the quest to know

about the world around us, an endeavor of

immeasurable value to our species. Ages-old

questions and investigations earned us the

revelations that the “wanderers” in the night

sky are other worlds and the stars are Suns

swirling in a vast galaxy, itself one of a myri-

ad of islands in an expanding cosmos. Now

we have crossed another threshold of discov-

ery: there are planets around other stars (e.g.,

Mayor & Queloz 1995). At this key point in

human history, tracing a path from the dawn

of the universe to life-bearing worlds is with-

in our grasp.

This monumental objective demands

powerful and flexible new tools, and differ-

ent ways of combining scientific skills. The

abundance and diversity of worlds is far

greater than imagined (e.g., Winn & Fabrycky

2015), but the vast majority of known exo-

planets are “small black shadows” indirectly

detected through their effects on their host

stars. Our knowledge of exoplanet properties

is largely limited to orbits, masses, and sizes.

Astronomers have just begun to measure the

atmospheres of giant exoplanets; such stud-

ies will greatly expand in the coming years.

The next frontier is to extend characterization capabilities to rocky planets and find the

“pale blue dots” in the solar neighborhood (Figure 1-1). With a large enough sample size,

scientists can determine whether habitable, Earth-like conditions are rare or common on

nearby worlds and then probe them for signs of life. Focusing on the planetary systems

most like the solar system, those with Earth-size exoplanets orbiting Sun-like stars, increases

the chances of finding and recognizing biosignatures. Concurrently, we will nurture a new

discipline—comparative exoplanetology—by studying a huge range of exoplanets, thereby

gaining invaluable information for placing our own system in a broader context. A vital part

of establishing that context is deeper understanding of the bodies within the solar system.

Our drive to know goes beyond asking the question “what exists?” to “why does it exist?”

and pushes us to understand the origins of all we see around us. The boundary of what we

can see now stretches all the way to the dawn of the universe, but like our first steps in the

study of new worlds, our current view lacks completeness, precision, and context. We seek

to understand the processes and environments that gave rise to a life-supporting universe:

from the formation of the earliest structures, to the assembly and evolution of galaxies, to the

Figure 1-1. Imaging another Earth. Simulation

of the inner solar system in visible light viewed

from a distance of 12.5 parsec with the 15-m

LUVOIR-A space telescope concept. The enor-

mous glare from the central star has been sup-

pressed with a coronagraph so the faint planets

can be seen. Each planet’s atmosphere can be

probed with direct spectra to reveal its com-

position. The simulation assumes realistic noise

sources, wavefront errors, and post-processing.

Credit: R. Juanola Parramon, N. Zimmerman, A.

Roberge (NASA GSFC)

The Large UV Optical Infrared Surveyor LUVOIR

The LUVOIR Final Report 1-1

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