C++ 14标准模板库实战指南：Ivor Horton解构与应用

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《利用C++标准模板库：第14版》是由Ivor Horton所著的一本实用教程，该书专注于讲解C++ 14标准库中提供的通用编程能力。作者深入浅出地介绍了C++ 14中可用的类模板和函数模板，以及如何在实际项目中有效地运用它们。本书的核心内容包括： 1. **C++标准模板库简介**：章节1介绍了标准模板库的基础概念，让读者对这一工具包有一个全面的认识，为后续的学习打下基础。 2. **序列容器的使用**：第2章详细讲解了诸如vector、list和deque等基本的顺序存储容器，以及如何操作其中的数据元素，如创建、访问、修改和扩展。 3. **容器适配器**：第3章阐述了如何通过容器适配器（如forward_list和priority_queue）扩展或定制现有容器的功能，以适应特定的应用场景。 4. **映射容器**：第4章介绍了map和unordered_map等数据结构，它们用于存储键值对，并支持高效的查找操作。 5. **集合和排序**：第5章探讨了set和multiset等集合容器，以及如何实现排序、合并、搜索和分区算法。 6. **更多算法**：第6章继续深入讲解算法模板，如迭代器的使用，以及如何自定义算法行为，如通过函数对象或lambda表达式。 7. **随机数生成**：第8章涉及了如何使用标准库中的随机数生成器和分布对象来生成伪随机数，这对于模拟和概率计算至关重要。 8. **流操作**：第9章讨论了如何将数据从容器传输到输入/输出流，如文件流，以及处理不同格式的数据。 9. **数值、时间与复杂数据**：最后几章关注于处理数值类型数据、利用硬件时钟进行时间测量以及处理复杂数学运算的技巧。通过阅读这本书，读者不仅能理解C++ 14标准库模板的广泛适用性和其在减少编码和开发时间方面的强大作用，还能学会如何灵活运用这些模板来解决实际问题。书中提供了丰富的实例，使读者能够掌握如何将模板与各种类型的容器结合使用，从而提高编程效率和代码质量。

xix

About the Technical Reviewer

Marc Gregoire is a software engineer from Belgium. He graduated

from the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, with a degree in

“Burgerlijk ingenieur in de computer wetenschappen” (equivalent to

master of science in engineering in computer science). The year after, he

received the cum laude degree of master in artificial intelligence at the

same university. After his studies, Marc started working for a software

consultancy company called Ordina Belgium. As a consultant, he worked

for Siemens and Nokia Siemens Networks on critical 2G and 3G software

running on Solaris for telecom operators. This required working in

international teams spanning from South America and the United States

to Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Now, Marc is working for

Nikon Metrology on 3D laser scanning software.

His main expertise is C/C++, specifically Microsoft VC++ and

the MFC framework. Next to C/C++, Marc also likes C# and uses PHP

for creating web pages. In addition to his main interest of Windows

development, he also has experience in developing C++ programs running 24/7 on Linux platforms (e.g., EIB

home automation software).

Since April 2007, he has received the yearly Microsoft MVP (Most Valuable Professional) award for his

Visual C++ expertise.

Marc is the founder of the Belgian C++ Users Group (www.becpp.org) and an active member on the

CodeGuru forum (as Marc G). He also creates freeware and shareware programs that are distributed through

his web site at www.nuonsoft.com, and maintains a blog on www.nuonsoft.com/blog/.

xxiii

Introduction

Welcome to Using the C++ Standard Template Libraries. This book is a tutorial on the class and function

templates that are contained within a subset of the header files that make up the C++ Standard Library.

These are generic programming tools that offer vast capability, are easy to use, and make many things simple

to implement that would otherwise be difficult. The code they generate is usually more efficient and reliable

than you could write yourself.

I’m usually unhappy with explanations of just what things do, without an elaboration of what things

are for. It’s often difficult to guess the latter from the former. My approach therefore, is not just to explain the

functionality of the class and function templates, but as far as possible to show how you apply them in a practical

context. This leads to some sizeable chunks of code at some points, but I believe you’ll think that it’s worth it.

The collection of header files from the C++ Standard Library that are the subject of this book have often

been referred to in the past as the Standard Template Library or simply the STL. I’ll use "the STL" in the book

as a convenient shorthand to mean the set of headers containing templates that I discuss in the book. Of

course, there’s really no such thing as the STL - the C++ Language Standard doesn’t mention it so formally it

doesn’t exist. In spite of the fact that it is undefined, most C++ programmers know roughly what is meant by

the STL. It’s been around in various guises for a long time.

The idea of generic programming that is embodied in the STL originated with Alexander Stepanov

back in 1979 - long before there was a standard for the C++ language. The first implementation of the STL

for C++ was originated by Stepanov and others around 1989 working at Hewlett Packard, and this STL

implementation was complementary to the libraries that were provided with C++ compilers at that time.

The capability offered by the STL was first considered for incorporation into the first proposed C++ language

standard in the early 1990s, and the essentials of the STL made it into the first language standard for C++

that was published in 1998. Since then the generic programming facilities that the STL represents have been

improved and extended, and templates are to be found in many header files that are not part of what could

be called the STL. All the material in the book relates to the most recently approved language standard at the

time of writing, which is C++ 14.

The STL is not a precise concept and this book doesn’t cover all the templates in the C++ Standard

Library. Overall, the book describes and demonstrates the templates from the Standard Library that I think

should be a first choice for C++ programmers to understand, especially those who are relatively new to C++.

The primary Standard Library header files that are discussed in depth include:

For data containers:

<array>, <vector>, <deque>, <stack>, <queue>, <list>,

<forward_list>, <set>, <unordered_set>, <map>, <unordered_map>

For iterators:

For algorithms:

For random numbers and statistics:

For processing numerical data:

For time and timing:

For complex numbers:

xxiv

■ IntroduCtIon

Templates from other headers such as <pair>, <tuple>, <functional>, and <memory> also get dragged

in to the book at various points. The templates for data containers are fundamental; these will be useful in

the majority of applications. Iterators are a basic tool for working with containers so they are included also.

Algorithms are function templates that operate on data stored in containers. These are powerful tools that

you can also apply to arrays and they are described and illustrated with working examples. I have included

a chapter that explains the templates that relate to random number generation and statistics. While some of

these are quite specialized, many are widely applicable in simulations, modeling, and games programs. The

templates for compute-intensive numerical data processing are discussed, and those relating to time and

timing. Finally, there’s a brief introduction to the class templates for working with complex numbers.

Prerequisites for Using the Book

To understand the contents of this book you need to have a basic working knowledge of the C++ language.

This book complements my Beginning C++ book, so if you have worked through that successfully, you’re in

good shape to tackle this. A basic understanding of what class templates and function templates are, and

how they work is essential, and I have included an overview of the basics of these in Chapter 1. If you are

not used to using templates, the syntax can give the impression that they are lot more complicated than

they really are. Once you get used to the notation, you’ll find them relatively easy to work with. Lambda

expressions are also used frequently with the STL so you need to be comfortable with those too.

You’ll need a C++ 14-compliant compiler and of course a text editor suitable for working with program

code. There has been quite a renaissance in C++ compiler development in recent years, and there are several

excellent compilers out there that are largely in conformance with C++ 14, in spite of it being a recently

approved standard. There are at least three available that you can use without charge:

• GCC is the GNU compiler collection that supports C++, C, and Fortran as well as

other languages. GCC supports all the C++ 14 features used in this book. You can

download GCC from gcc.gnu.org. The GCC compiler collection works with GNU and

Linux, but there’s a version for Microsoft Windows that you can download from

www.mingw.org.

• The ideaone online compiler supports C++ 14 and is accessible through ideaone.com.

The compiler it uses for C++ 14 is GCC 5.1 at the time of writing. ideaone.com also

supports a wide range of other programming languages, including C, Fortran,

and Java.

• The Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Community Edition runs under the Microsoft

Windows operating system. It supports C++ as well as several other programming

languages and comes with a complete development environment.

Using the Book

For the most part, I have organized the material in this book to be read sequentially, so the best way to

use the book is to start at the beginning and keep going until you reach the end. Generally, I try not to use

capabilities before I have explained them. Once I have explained something, I plug it in to subsequent

material whenever it makes sense to do so, which is why I recommend going through the chapters

sequentially. There are a few topics that require some understanding of the underlying mathematics, and

I have included the maths in these instances. If you are not comfortable with the maths, you can skip these

without limiting your ability to understand what follows.

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